RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The system of countermeasures for the adverse effects of microgravity developed in the USSR supported the successful implementation of long-duration spaceflight (LDS) programs on the Salyut and Mir orbital stations and was subsequently adapted for flights on the International Space Station (ISS). From 2000 through 2010, crews completed 26 ISS flight increments ranging in duration from 140 to 216 d, with the participation of 27 Russian cosmonauts. These flights have made it possible to more precisely determine a crew-member's level of conditioning, better assess the advantages and disadvantages of training processes, and determine prospects for future developments.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico , Vuelo Espacial , Medidas contra la Ingravidez , Ingravidez , Astronautas , Humanos , Atrofia Muscular , Federación de Rusia , Mareo por Movimiento Espacial , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Cluster analysis was applied to evaluate locomotion training (running and running intermingled with walking) of 13 cosmonauts on long-term ISS missions by the parameters of duration (min), distance (m) and intensity (km/h). Based on the results of analyses, the cosmonauts were distributed into three steady groups of 2, 5 and 6 persons. Distance and speed showed a statistical rise (p < 0.03) from group 1 to group 3. Duration of physical locomotion training was not statistically different in the groups (p = 0.125). Therefore, cluster analysis is an adequate method of evaluating fitness of cosmonauts on long-term missions.
Asunto(s)
Astronautas , Ejercicio Físico , Aptitud Física , Vuelo Espacial , Análisis por Conglomerados , Humanos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The concept of in-flight expert system for controlling (ESC) the physical training program during extended, including Martian, space missions has been developed based on the literature dedicated to the microgravity countermeasures and a retrospective analysis of effectiveness of the known ESC methods. This concept and the principle of crew autonomy were used as prime assumptions for defining the structure of ESC-based training in long-duration and planetary missions.
Asunto(s)
Astronautas , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Aptitud Física , Vuelo Espacial , Astronautas/educación , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Sistemas Especialistas , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , IngravidezRESUMEN
Perspectives of long-term space programs make it necessary to develop autonomous computer expert system for crew-members physical state control. The purpose of the work--to develop a set of objective formalizable physiological indices of working capacity suitable for reliable algorithmization of physical state control. Investigations were performed in on-earth microgravity simulation (3- and 7-day dry immersion, 6 subjects; 4-month antiorthostatic hypokinesy, 10 subjects) with volunteers' participation as well with 34 members of MIR-station expeditions during flights. Model exercise investigations were made also with 20 young male volunteers to evaluate the validity of different physical state indices. A set of indices was found which, being simple enough for measuring, performs to get satisfactory adequate evaluations of current organism physical state in long-term real or simulated microgravity. It was proved that some ergometric indices along with heart rate derivatives could reflect real working ability even better than traditional characteristics of organism energy systems state.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Ejercicio , Sistemas Especialistas , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Vuelo Espacial , Ingravidez/efectos adversos , Medicina Aeroespacial , Algoritmos , Ergometría , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Estado de Salud , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Hipocinesia , Inmersión , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medidas contra la Ingravidez , Simulación de IngravidezRESUMEN
This paper presents an information on the goals, tasks and protocols of a 120-day head-down tilted bedrest study with participation of eight female subjects. It describes the use of various methods of research and different countermeasures.
Asunto(s)
Reposo en Cama/métodos , Protocolos Clínicos , Inclinación de Cabeza/fisiología , Hipocinesia/fisiopatología , Análisis y Desempeño de Tareas , Adulto , Medicina Aeroespacial , Peso Corporal , Dieta , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Valores de Referencia , Proyectos de Investigación , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Exercise tolerance of test subjects who remained bed rested (Group A) and who exercised while being supine (Group B) was measured before and after 30-day head-down tilt (-8 degrees). Special attention was given to the parameters that characterize energy supply of working muscles. The data obtained after 30-day bed rest did not reveal any changes in the Group B subjects and showed the following changes in the Group A subjects: maximum oxygen consumption decreased by 10.1% (p less than 0.05), the time within which the anaerobic metabolism threshold was attained decreased by 17.2% (p less than 0.05), and lactate concentration at the workload end decreased by 24.7%, while the pyruvate concentration and the lactate/pyruvate ratio remained unchanged. The results indicate that prolonged aerobic workload after 30-day bed rest seems to be limited by functional changes in oxygen transport rather than by the factors associated with changes in energy supply of working muscles.
Asunto(s)
Inmovilización , Músculos/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno , Esfuerzo Físico , Postura , Adulto , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Lactatos/sangre , Pierna , Masculino , Piruvatos/sangre , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Electrocardiograms of Salyut-6 prime crew-members recorded during their exercises on a bicycle ergometer and treadmill are presented. ECG were recorded by a portable tape recorder Cardiocassette and transmitted to the Earth via the radiocommunication channel. This procedure helped to better understand cardiovascular adaptation to different workloads, including submaximal, as well as reserve abilities of the body at various flight stages. This can be used advantageously to correct and control the training process as well as to predict the cardiovascular status at the final flight stage.
Asunto(s)
Frecuencia Cardíaca , Contracción Miocárdica , Vuelo Espacial , Evaluación de Capacidad de Trabajo , Adaptación Fisiológica , Electrocardiografía , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Tiempo , U.R.S.S.RESUMEN
It has been shown that during head-down tilting at an angle of -30 degrees occlusion of the four limbs by 70 mm Hg relieved unpleasant symptoms. According to rheoencephalography, cerebral blood flow decreased to the level normally seen in the supine position. During a prolonged head-down tilting at an angle of -15 degrees intermittent occlusion of only lower limbs by 60--30 mm Hg proved more effective.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Modelos Biológicos , Ingravidez/efectos adversos , Adulto , Brazo/irrigación sanguínea , Encéfalo/irrigación sanguínea , Humanos , Pierna/irrigación sanguínea , Masculino , Postura , Pulso Arterial , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional , Vuelo Espacial , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In dogs subjected to gravitational overloadings (+Gx) according to a special training schedule the wall structure of the main arteries (carotid, humeral, femoral and aorta) was studied by histological methods. The amount of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in the venous blood plasma and in the adrenal tissue was the index of the sympathoadrenal system condition. It was demonstrated that in trained animals the tolerance threshold to continuously increasing overloadings (+Gx) rose. It was accompanied by an elevated amount of catecholamines in blood and the adrenals In the walls of the main arteries studied a moderate hyperelastosis and a slight collagenization of the adventitia was noted. All parts of the microcirculatory bed were moderately dilated, which favoured a better blood outflow. The data obtained demonstrate adaptational changes, which can be interpreted as indices of training and reliability of the organism.