RESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To study the progression of HbA1c after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents during 2010-2019 with emphasis on HbA1c nadir 3-6 months after onset. METHODS: Partial funding was secured for this study. The Swedish paediatric diabetes quality register SWEDIABKIDS has >95 % coverage of type 1 diabetes up to 18 years. A mixed model for repeated measurements was used to estimate differences in HbA1c between onset year periods. RESULTS: We followed 6,891 patients over two years from onset (48,292 HbA1c values). We found a gradual decrease in mean HbA1c 24 months after onset from 56.0 mmol/mol (7.28 %) in 2010/11 to 50.5 mmol/mol (6.77 %) in 2018/19, which is at the level of several recent intervention studies. The initial drop in HbA1c from onset until 3 and 6 months has become more pronounced in recent years. There was a significant positive correlation between HbA1c at 3 and 6 months with 12, 18 and 24 months. Percentage of severe hypoglycaemic coma was higher (5.1 % vs 3.4 %; p = 0.023) in 2010/2011 than 2018/2019, but the absolute risk of ketoacidosis was essentially unchanged, (1.5 % to 0.8 %, p = 0.110) CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: There was a continuous decrease in HbA1c over the study period 2010-2019, which coincides in time with an increased use of diabetes technology and lowering the HbA1c target to 48 mmol/mol (6.5 %). The decrease in 2-year HbA1c was preceded by a lower HbA1c nadir, which may set the trajectories for coming HbA1c and be a modifiable factor for a long-term improvement in metabolic control.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Hemoglobina Glucada , Sistema de Registros , Humanos , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Suecia/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiología , Niño , Adolescente , Femenino , Masculino , Preescolar , Lactante , Hipoglucemia/epidemiología , Hipoglucemia/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , Glucemia/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to compare the increase in plasma glucose after a subcutaneous injection of 200 µg glucagon given after 45 min of cycling with resting (study 1) and to investigate the effects of glucagon when injected before compared with after 45 min of cycling (study 2). We hypothesised that: (1) the glucose response to glucagon would be similar after cycling and resting; and (2) giving glucagon before the activity would prevent the exercise-induced fall in blood glucose during exercise and for 2 h afterwards. METHODS: Fourteen insulin-pump-treated individuals with type 1 diabetes completed three visits in a randomised, placebo-controlled, participant-blinded crossover study. They were allocated by sealed envelopes. Baseline values were (mean and range): HbA1c 54 mmol/mol (43-65 mmol/mol) or 7.1% (6.1-8.1%); age 45 years (23-66 years); BMI 26 kg/m2 (21-30 kg/m2); and diabetes duration 26 years (8-51 years). At each visit, participants consumed a standardised breakfast 2 h prior to 45 min of cycling or resting. A subcutaneous injection of 200 µg glucagon was given before or after cycling or after resting. The glucose response to glucagon was compared after cycling vs resting (study 1) and before vs after cycling (study 2). RESULTS: The glucose response to glucagon was higher after cycling compared with after resting (mean ± SD incremental peak: 2.6 ± 1.7 vs 1.8 ± 2.0 mmol/l, p = 0.02). As expected, plasma glucose decreased during cycling (-3.1 ± 2.8 mmol/l) but less so when glucagon was given before cycling (-0.9 ± 2.8 mmol/l, p = 0.002). The number of individuals reaching glucose values ≤3.9 mmol/l was the same on the 3 days. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Moderate cycling for 45 min did not impair the glucose response to glucagon compared with the glucose response after resting. The glucose fall during cycling was diminished by a pre-exercise injection of 200 µg glucagon; however, no significant difference was seen in the number of events of hypoglycaemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02882737 FUNDING: The study was funded by the Danish Diabetes Academy founded by Novo Nordisk foundation and by an unrestricted grant from Zealand Pharma.