RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study determined the severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after Hurricane Mitch and the relationship of these reactions to objective and subjective features of hurricane exposure, death of a family member, forced relocation, and thoughts of revenge. METHOD: Six months after the hurricane, 158 adolescents from three differentially exposed cities were evaluated by using a hurricane exposure questionnaire, the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, and the Depression Self-Rating SCALE: RESULTS: Severe levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions were found among adolescents in the two most heavily affected cities. Severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions and features of objective hurricane-related experiences followed a "dose-of-exposure" pattern that was congruent with the rates of death and destruction across cities. Level of impact (city), objective and subjective features, and thoughts of revenge accounted for 68% of the variance in severity of posttraumatic stress reaction. Severity of posttraumatic stress reaction, death of a family member, and sex accounted for 59% of the variance in severity of depression. CONCLUSIONS: After a category 5 hurricane, adolescents in heavily affected areas with extreme objective and subjective hurricane-related traumatic features of exposure experience severe and chronic posttraumatic stress and comorbid depressive reactions. The recovery of the severely affected Nicaraguan adolescents is vital to the social and economic recovery of a country ravaged by years of political violence and poverty. These findings strongly indicate the need to incorporate public mental health approaches, including systematic screening and trauma/grief-focused interventions, within a comprehensive disaster recovery program.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Desastres , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Trastornos de Adaptación/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Adaptación/epidemiología , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicología , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Comorbilidad , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Desastres/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Masculino , Nicaragua/epidemiología , Probabilidad , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Análisis de Regresión , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnóstico , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicologíaRESUMEN
Complementary genetic and demographic analyses estimate the total proportion of European-American admixture in the Gila River Indian Community and trace its mode of entry. Among the 9,616 residents in the sample, 2,015 persons claim only partial Native American heritage. A procedure employing 23 alleles or haplotypes at eight loci was used to estimate the proportion of European-American admixture, m(a), for the entire sample and within six categories of Caucasian admixture calculated from demographic data, md. The genetic analysis gave an estimate of total European-American admixture in the community of 0.054 (95% confidence interval [CI] .044-.063), while an estimate from demographic records was similar, .059. Regression of m(a) on md yielded a fitted line m(a) = .922md, r = .959 (P = .0001). When total European-American admixture is partitioned between the contributing populations, Mexican-Americans have provided .671, European-Americans .305, and African-Americans .023. These results are discussed within the context of the ethnic composition of the Gila River Indian Community, the assumptions underlying the methods, and the potential that demographic data have for enriching genetic measurements of human admixture. It is concluded that, despite the severe assumptions of the mathematical methods, accurate, reliable estimates of genetic admixture are possible from allele and haplotype frequencies, even when there is little demographic information for the population.
Asunto(s)
Indígenas Norteamericanos/genética , Población Blanca/genética , Alelos , Arizona , Demografía , Europa (Continente) , Frecuencia de los Genes , Pool de Genes , Genética de Población , Humanos , Hibridación Genética , MéxicoRESUMEN
The presence of antibodies to native DNA, single-stranded DNA, and double-stranded RNA was determined for 37 patients with selective IgA deficiency, 11 patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, seven patients with common variable agammaglobulinemia, 14 patients with ataxia telangiectasia, six patients with intestinal lymphangiectasia, and one patient with Nezelof syndrome. Of 37 patients with selective IgA deficiency, 11 had antibodies to at least one nucleic acid; six had antibodies to native DNA, seven had antibodies to single-stranded DNA, and four had antibodies to double-stranded RNA. The only other congenital immune deficiency disease studied in which antibodies to nucleic acids were found was the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome; in this group three of 11 patients had antibodies to native DNA. Retrospective analysis of our patients with SLE disclosed a 2.6% prevalence of IgA deficiency, a prevalence clearly higher than in the general population. These studies provide further evidence of the association between autoimmunity and abnormalities of IgA production and suggest a relationship between thymic-derived immune regulation and IgA production.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antinucleares/análisis , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/inmunología , Adulto , Agammaglobulinemia/inmunología , Ataxia Telangiectasia/inmunología , ADN/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina A , Linfangiectasia Intestinal/inmunología , ARN/inmunología , Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Plexo Coroideo/patología , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/patología , Adolescente , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo , Niño , Plexo Coroideo/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/inmunología , MasculinoAsunto(s)
Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos , Eritrocitos/análisis , Genética de Población , Haptoglobinas/análisis , Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Indígenas Sudamericanos , Cristianismo , Etnicidad , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Deficiencia de Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Humanos , Isoanticuerpos/análisis , Masculino , Paraguay/etnología , Fenotipo , Misiones Religiosas , Federación de Rusia/etnología , Selección Genética , Talasemia/genéticaRESUMEN
Serum IgG concentration was lower in Jamaicans than in Nigerians. The maternalfoetal IgG ratio was also lower in Jamaican sera than in Nigerian sera. It is suggested that endemic malaria in Nigeria may be responsible for these differences. The higher IgM concentration in the Nigerian cord sera may be further evidence of this. Eighteen new cases of myeloma were detected in Jamaicans between August 1966 and May 1967. Based on Gm typing, only two of these showed evidence of mixed white ancestry. All the others had the typical Gm groups of Negroes. Similarly, only two patients out of a total of 17 with malignant lymphoma showed evidence of mixed white ancestry. Twelve of the patients with myeloma showed serum proteins of the IgG type, five were IgA, and one had only light chains in the serum. The majority of the patients had myeloma protein of the kappa type. The Gm typing suggested that six patients had myeloma protein of the gamma1 heavy chain subclass, and one patient had a gamma3 subclass heavy chain, the remainder belonging most likely to the gamma2 heavy chain subclass since gamma2 occurs about four times as frequently as gamma4.
Asunto(s)
Linfoma/inmunología , Mieloma Múltiple/inmunología , gammaglobulinas/análisis , Negro o Afroamericano , Anciano , Proteína de Bence Jones/análisis , Población Negra , Femenino , Feto , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunoglobulina M/análisis , Jamaica , Malaria/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , NigeriaRESUMEN
Serum IgG concentration was lower in Jamaicans than in Nigerians. The maternal foetal IgG ratio was lower in Jamaican sera than in Nigerian sera. It is suggested that endemic malaria in Nigeria may be responsible for these differences. The higher IgG concentration in the Nigerian cord sera may be further evidence of this. Eighteen new cases of myeloma were detected in Jamaicans between August 1966 and May 1967. Based on Gm typing, only two of these showed evidence of mixed white ancestry. All others had the typical Gm groups of Negroes. Similarly, only two patients out of a total of 17 with malignant lymphoma showed evidence of mixed white ancestry. Twelve of the patients with myeloma showed serum proteins of the IgG type, five were IgA, and one had only light chains in the serum. The majority of the patients had myeloma protein of the kappa type. The Gm typing suggested that six patients had myeloma protein of the y1 heavy chain subclass, and one patient had a y3 subclass heavy chain, the remainder belonging most likely to the y2 heavy chain subclass since y2 occurs about four times as frequently as y4.