RESUMEN

Fish is a source of several nutrients that are important for healthy foetal development. Guidelines from Australia, Europe and the USA encourage fish consumption during pregnancy. The potential for contamination by heavy metals, as well as risk of listeriosis requires careful consideration of the shaping of dietary messages related to fish intake during pregnancy. This review critically evaluates literature on fish intake in pregnant women, with a focus on the association between neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring and maternal fish intake during pregnancy. Peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2000 and March 2014 were included. Eligible studies included those of healthy pregnant women who had experienced full term births and those that had measured fish or seafood intake and assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library were searched using the search terms: pregnant, neurodevelopment, cognition, fish and seafood. Of 279 papers sourced, eight were included in the final review. Due to heterogeneity in methodology and measured outcomes, a qualitative comparison of study findings was conducted. This review indicates that the benefits of diets providing moderate amounts of fish during pregnancy outweigh potential detrimental effects in regards to offspring neurodevelopment. It is important that the type of fish consumed is low in mercury.

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RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Highly complex planning techniques and delivery methods in the treatment of head and neck cancer require an advanced level of accuracy and reproducibility. AIM: To determine if the addition of tattoos placed on the chest inferior to the CIVCO Vac-Lok stabilization system improves accuracy and reproducibility of patient set up. METHODS: Eighteen patients with head and neck cancer were studied. Nine underwent radical treatment using the routine CIVCO stabilization system. The second group of nine used the same stabilization device but were positioned daily with the use of tattoos. Daily orthogonal kilovoltage setup images were used to calculate setup errors. Displacements in the left/right (Lt/Rt), superior/inferior (Sup/Inf), and anterior/posterior (Ant/Post) directions were determined as well as pitch and yaw rotational errors. RESULTS: Five hundred and twenty-three image pairs were analysed. Clinically significant differences were found in yaw error, Lt/Rt displacement, and Sup/Inf displacement in the tattooed patients. The median (interquartile range) absolute yaw error was larger for patients without tattoos: 1.4° (1.4° to 2.1°) compared to 0.8° (0.8° to 1.4°) for patients with tattoos. The percentage of both Sup/Inf and Lt/Rt errors >3 mm was also greater for patients without tattoos: 23.7% of Sup/Inf errors were >3 mm compared with 17.3% for patients with tattoos, and 22.3% of Lt/Rt errors were >3 mm compared with 10.0% for patients with tattoos. CONCLUSION: The addition of chest tattoos resulted in clinically relevant improvements in Lt/Rt and Sup/Inf translational displacements and variations in yaw for head and neck cancer patients.