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In the rapidly evolving landscape of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesis, the focus has predominantly been on plant-derived sources, leaving the realm of biological or animal origins relatively uncharted. Breaking new ground, our study introduces a pioneering approach: the creation of Ag NPs using marine fish collagen, termed ClAg NPs, and offers a comprehensive exploration of their diverse attributes. To begin, we meticulously characterized ClAg NPs, revealing their spherical morphology, strong crystalline structure, and average diameter of 5 to 100 nm. These NPs showed potent antibacterial activity, notably against S. aureus (gram-positive), surpassing their efficacy against S. typhi (gram-negative). Additionally, ClAg NPs effectively hindered the growth of MRSA biofilms at 500 µg/mL. Impressively, they demonstrated substantial antioxidant capabilities, out performing standard gallic acid. Although higher concentrations of ClAg NPs induced hemolysis (41.804 %), lower concentrations remained non hemolytic. Further evaluations delved into the safety and potential applications of ClAg NPs. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HEK 293 and HeLa cells revealed dose-dependent toxicity, with IC50 of 75.28 µg/mL and 79.13 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ClAg NPs affected seed germination, root, and shoot lengths in Mung plants, underscoring their relevance in agriculture. Lastly, zebrafish embryo toxicity assays revealed notable effects, particularly at 500 µg/mL, on embryo morphology and survival rates at 96 hpf. In conclusion, our study pioneers the synthesis and multifaceted evaluation of ClAg NPs, offering promise for their use as versatile nano therapeutics in the medical field and as high-value collagen-based nanobiomaterial with minimal environmental impact.

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In prostate cancer (PCa) patients, a proto-oncogene Tumor protein D52 (TPD52) is overexpressed, and it is involved in different cellular functions. In this study, we report that TPD52 expression is positively associated with the emergence of neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC). With overexpression of TPD52 in LNCaP cells, we found neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of cells in in-vitro and distinct NED features confirmed by NE markers neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and chromogranin A (CHR-A). Further, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in TPD52 mediated NED of PCa cells. We found that TPD52 activates the NF- κB - STAT3 axis for the induction of NED in LNCaP cells. Indeed, inhibition of NF-κB - STAT3 attenuated the progression of NED in TPD52 positive LNCaP cells. Importantly, silencing of TPD52 expression or inhibition of NF-κB - STAT3 activity in a neuroendocrine cell line NCI-H660 showed a marked decrease in the expression of NSE and CHR-A, confirming the reversal of the NE properties. Notably, TPD52 overexpression in LNCaP cells induced expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, ZEB1, and Snail1 indicating that TPD52 positively regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PCa cells towards NED. Moreover, silencing of Snail1 in TPD52 positive cells blocked the progression of NED and, in NCI-H660 cells reversed NE properties as expected. Of the few requirements of TPD52, activation of NF-κB - STAT3 is essential for promoting EMT compelling NED of LNCaP cells. Collectively, these results reveal that TPD52 is associated with the progression of NEPC and emphasizes the need for therapeutic targeting of TPD52 in PCa.

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BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is a zoonotic viral infection that raises a global alarm in the tropics and subtropics, with the potentially escalating into newer geographical regions. Severe dengue may be associated with fatal complications such as myocarditis. There is a paucity of available data on the prevalence of dengue-associated myocarditis. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global prevalence of dengue-associated myocarditis. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted utilizing the Cochrane library, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Preprint servers such as arXiv, medRxiv, bioRxiv, BioRN, ChiRN, ChiRxiv, and SSRN as of November 25, 2022. All primary studies (case series, cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective) that reported confirmed cases of dengue myocarditis were included. The I2 statistic test assessed the heterogenic characteristics and publication bias was evaluated using Doi plot and Egger regression tests. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies conducted between 2007 and 2022 with 2795 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients were included. Of the included cases, 502 were positive for myocarditis, with a prevalence of 2.4-78%. The pooled prevalence of dengue-induced myocarditis in the studied population was 21.0% (95% CI, 9 - 38%). The prediction interval was estimated to be 0.00 - 0.81. CONCLUSION: Myocarditis in dengue patients is a significant and understudied complication in many aspects. To prevent dengue-associated myocarditis, appropriate measures such as early detection of cases and signs, symptoms-based diagnosis via electrocardiography and echocardiography, as well as relevant vector control policies must be implemented.

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Communication disorders affect an individual's social, emotional and behavioural well-being. Estimating the number of clients with various causes of communication disorders can assist in the prevention, early identification, intervention, rehabilitation and counselling process. India is the second-largest populated country with diversity in terms of culture and geography. Therefore, estimating the data on number of clients presenting with communication disorders is warranted across different parts of the country. In a retrospective study, the clinical records of cases reporting to the JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, for the last five years were reviewed. A total of 9511 cases diagnosed with communication disorders were included in the study. The percentage of male cases was higher than the females amongst all the types of communication disorders. The percentage of paediatric cases with speech and language disorders was the highest, followed by adult cases. Across the hearing disorders, the highest number of cases were from the adult age group, and the lowest number of hearing-disordered cases were noted in the paediatric age group throughout all five years. Among all the risk factors, perinatal history was the highest seen risk factor, and consanguinity was the lowest seen risk factor associated with communication disorders. The results of the present study revealed that among cases with communication disorders at the tertiary care hospital in Mysore, hearing impairment was one of the most commonly seen conditions, followed by child language disorders. The history of perinatal factors as a risk for communication disorders was noted in a maximum number of cases.

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Tumor protein D52 (TPD52) is a proto-oncogene overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) due to gene amplification and it is involved in the cancer progression of many cancers including PCa. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of TPD52 in cancer progression are still under investigation. In this study, we report that the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) inhibited the LNCaP and VCaP cells growth by silencing TPD52 expression. Activation of AMPK inhibited the proliferation and migration of LNCaP and VCaP cells. Interestingly, AICAR treatment to LNCaP and VCaP cells led to the downregulation of TPD52 via activation of GSK3ß by a decrease of inactive phosphorylation at Ser9. Moreover, in AICAR treated LNCaP cells, inhibition of GSK3ß by LiCl attenuated downregulation of TPD52 indicating that AICAR acts via GSK3ß. Furthermore, we found that TPD52 interacts with serine/threonine kinase 11 or Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) a known tumor suppressor and an upstream kinase for AMPK. The molecular modeling and MD simulations indicates that the interaction between TPD52 and LKB1 leads to inhibition of the kinase activity of LKB1 as its auto-phosphorylation sites were masked in the complex. Consequently, TPD52-LKB1 interaction may lead to inactivation of AMPK. Moreover, overexpression of TPD52 is found to be responsible for the reduction of pLKB1 (Ser428) and pAMPK (Thr172). Therefore, TPD52 may be playing its oncogenic role via suppressing the AMPK activation. Altogether, our results revealed a new mechanism of PCa progression in which TPD52 overexpression inhibits AMPK activation by interacting with LKB1. These results support that the use of AMPK activators and/or small molecules that could disrupt the TPD52-LKB1 interaction might be useful to suppress PCa cell growth. TPD52 interacts LKB1 and interfere with activation of AMPK in PCa cells.

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Hybrid rice technology offers great promise to further enhance rice production and productivity for global food security. Improving hybrid rice parental lines is the first step in developing heterotic rice hybrids. To improve resistance against blast disease, a maintainer line DRR 9B was fortified with a major broad-spectrum blast resistance gene Pi2 through marker-assisted selection. The rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a major disease and can cause severe yield losses upto 100%. The NILs of Samba Mahsuri namely BA-23-11-89-12-168 possessing Pi2 was utilized as a donor parent. The PCR-based molecular marker tightly linked to Pi2 gene was used for the foreground selection at BC1F1 generation. The molecular marker tightly linked to the major fertility restorer gene Rf4 was used for negative selection (i.e., selection of plants possessing non fertility restoring alleles) at BC1F1 generation to identify maintainer lines. The positive plants with Rf4 gene were added to the restorer pool for restorer line development. At each stage, MAS for Pi2 coupled with stringent phenotypic selection for agro-morphological and grain quality traits were exercised. At BC1F3 generation, one hundred families were screened against blast disease at uniform blast nursery (UBN) and selected resistant lines were advanced to next generations. In the BC1F5 generation plants were subjected to agro-morphological evaluation for yield and yield-contributing traits. The selected plants at BC1F5 generation were crossed with DRR 9A to assess the maintainer ability of blast resistance lines and for further CMS line conversion for hybrid rice breeding for developing blast resistance rice hybrids.

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The impacts of the lockdown period on water quality and ecosystem health in an artificial canal water system were investigated from the rapidly growing Kozhikode City in India. The ecosystem health is measured in terms of water quality indicators such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period. The study reveals the massive improvement of the ecosystem health of the canal in terms of DO, BOD, and E. coli during the lockdown period. DO values were improved from anoxic (0 mg/L) to oxic (> 5 mg/L), BOD reduced from 31 to 0.7 mg/L as well as E. coli at major urban stretches were 800 MPN/100 mL, which was observed to be absent during the lockdown period. Urban stretches of the canal implicitly proved that the lockdown period was not sufficient to recover the natural ecosystem condition of the canal system. Principal component analysis revealed that the ecosystem health of the canal majorly governs two factors, such as the weathering process and anthropogenic waste sources. The study advocates the policy makers that temporary pollution source control in a timely interval may heal the environment and is useful to the regulatory bodies for suggesting the pollution source control mechanism.

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are primarily recognized as non-coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with low coding potential and are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Recent findings reveal that lncRNAs can code for micropeptides in various species. Micropeptides are generated from small open reading frames (smORFs) and have been discovered frequently in short mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, such as lncRNAs, circular RNAs, and pri-miRNAs. The most accepted definition of a smORF is an ORF containing fewer than 100 codons, and ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry are the most prevalent experimental techniques used to identify them. Although the majority of micropeptides perform critical roles throughout plant developmental processes and stress conditions, only a handful of their functions have been verified to date. Even though more research is being directed toward identifying micropeptides, there is still a dearth of information regarding these peptides in plants. This review outlines the lncRNA-encoded peptides, the evolutionary roles of such peptides in plants, and the techniques used to identify them. It also describes the functions of the pri-miRNA and circRNA-encoded peptides that have been identified in plants.

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Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum causes bacterial wilt in ginger, reducing ginger production worldwide. We sequenced the whole genome of a highly virulent phylotype I, race 4, biovar 3 Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum strain GRsMep isolated from a severely infected ginger field in India. R. pseudosolanacearum GRsMep genome is organised into two replicons: chromosome and megaplasmid with a total genome size of 5,810,605 bp. This strain encodes approximately 72 effectors which include a combination of core effectors as well as highly variable, diverse repertoire of type III effectors. Comparative genome analysis with GMI1000 identified conservation in the genes involved in the general virulence mechanism. Our analysis identified type III effectors, RipBJ and RipBO as present in GRsMep but absent in the reported genomes of other strains infecting Zingiberaceae family. GRsMep contains 126 unique genes when compared to the pangenome of the Ralstonia strains that infect the Zingiberaceae family. The whole-genome data of R. pseudosolanacearum strain will serve as a resource for exploring the evolutionary processes that structure and regulate the virulence determinants of the strain. Pathogenicity testing of the transposon insertional mutant library of GRsMep through virulence assay on ginger plants identified a few candidate virulence determinants specific to bacterial wilt in ginger.

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Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive, androgen independent PCa and it is detected in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in PCa patients promotes neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). In this study, PCa cells were differentiated with IL-6 in in-vitro to identify novel targets or signaling pathways associated with emergence of NEPC on deprivation of androgens. From the results, we observed an activation of TGF-ß signaling pathway is altered through multiple proteins in differentiated LNCaP cells. Hence, we investigated the role of TGF-ß axis in PCa cells differentiation. LNCaP cells treated with IL-6 in androgens deprived media release excess TGF-ß ligand and this as conditioned media added to cells stimulated NED of PCa cells. TGF-ß released by IL-6 stimulated cells activate p38MAPK through SMAD2 thereby promote NED. Inhibition of TGF-ßRI and TGF-ßRII signaling activation in LNCaP cells treated with IL-6 did not reversed the NED of cells, possibly due to the reason that the inhibition of TGF-ß axis is further activating p38MAPK through SMAD independent manner in PCa cells. However, siRNA mediated knock down or inhibition p38MAPK inactivated TGF-ß - SMAD axis in differentiating cells and attenuated NED of LNCaP cells. This result suggests that p38MAPK is the central node for receiving IL-6 signals and promotes NED of LNCaP cells in androgens free media. Remarkably, downregulation or inhibition of p38MAPK in NCI-H660 reversed NED characteristics as well as markers along with inactivation of SMAD2 whereas no effect observed in WPMY-1 normal prostate cells. Taken together these findings unveil that p38MAPK and its upstream regulators are potential targets to overcome the progression of NED of PCa and develop novel therapeutic measures along ADT for effective treatment of PCa.

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BACKGROUND: This is a prospective study evaluating the role of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) with CyberKnife (CK) in Indian patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis (HCC-PVT). METHODS: Patients with inoperable HCC-PVT, good performance score (PS), and liver function are accrued for treatment on CK (version M6) and planned with Multiplan (iDMS V2.0). Triple-phase contrast computed tomography (CT) scan was done for contouring, and the gross tumor volume (GTV) included contrast-enhancing mass within main portal vein and adjacent parenchymal disease. Dose prescription was as per-risk stratification protocol (22-50 Gy in 5 fractions) while achieving the constraints of mean liver dose <15 Gy, 800 cc liver <8 Gy, and the duodenum max of ≤24 Gy). RESULTS: Seventy-two HCC-PVT accrued till date (mean age 63 years [38-76 years], 96% male; Child-Pugh [CP] A 84%, B 9%; Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC] C 96%; PS0-1: 80%, Karnofsky performance score [KPS]>70: 88%; co-morbidities 42%; infective 12%, alcohol intake 31%, adjuvant sorafenib 39%). CP scores 5, 6, 7, and 8 were in 35%, 32%, 8%, and 18%, respectively. Focal disease with portal vein thrombus (PVT) in 21%, liver involvement >50% and <50% in 46% and 32%. Liver cancer study group of Japan staging-based portal vein invasion VP2, VP3, and VP4 in 22%, 29%, and 40%. Cancer of the Liver Italian Programm (CLIP) scores 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were in 8%, 26%, 31%, 26%, and 7%, respectively. Mean follow-up was 7.3 months (median 6 months, standard deviation [SD] 6; range 3-30 months). Mean actuarial overall survival (OS) was 11.4 months (SE 1.587; 95% CI: 8-14.2 months). Six months and 12 months actuarial OS 55% and 38%, respectively. At last follow-up, 25/69 (36%) were alive and 44/69 (64%) were dead. Among 54 patients evaluated for response assessment, 23 (30%) had radiological confirmed PVT response, 1 (3%) had response of IVC thrombus, and 30 (42%) had no or minimal response to SBRT. Actuarial OS in responders and non-responders were 14.4 months (95% CI 9.4-19.2) and 7.4 months (95% CI 4.9-9.7), p-value: 0.022. Six and 12 months survival in responders and non-responders were 65.7% and 37% and 49% and 24.6%, respectively. Post-SBRT, 4 (12%) patients underwent transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) 3 patients (8%) and 1 patient (4%) transarterial radioembolization (TARE). Post-CK, (<4 weeks) 2 patients (4%) had decompensation. CONCLUSIONS: PVT response or recanalization after SBRT is a statistically significant prognostic factor for survival function in HCC-PVT.

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Comparing sequential stimuli is crucial for guiding complex behaviors. To understand mechanisms underlying sequential decisions, we compared neuronal responses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the lateral intraparietal (LIP), and medial intraparietal (MIP) areas in monkeys trained to decide whether sequentially presented stimuli were from matching (M) or nonmatching (NM) categories. We found that PFC leads M/NM decisions, whereas LIP and MIP appear more involved in stimulus evaluation and motor planning, respectively. Compared to LIP, PFC showed greater nonlinear integration of currently visible and remembered stimuli, which correlated with the monkeys' M/NM decisions. Furthermore, multi-module recurrent networks trained on the same task exhibited key features of PFC and LIP encoding, including nonlinear integration in the PFC-like module, which was causally involved in the networks' decisions. Network analysis found that nonlinear units have stronger and more widespread connections with input, output, and within-area units, indicating putative circuit-level mechanisms for sequential decisions.

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Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive form of androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC), correlated with therapeutic resistance. Interleukin (IL)-6 promotes proliferation and neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of androgen dependent LNCaP cells. We treated LNCaP cells with IL-6 and observed for in vitro NED of cells and also expression of NE markers ßIII tubulin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and chromogranin A (ChA). Here we investigated the proteins and/or pathways involved in NED of LNCaP cells induced by IL-6 and characterized their role in NED of PCa cells. We found that the altered proteins modulated AMPK signaling pathway in NE cells. Remarkably, IL-6 induces NED of LNCaP cells through activation of AMPK and SIRT1 and also both of these are co-regulated while playing a predominant role in NED of LNCaP cells. Of the few requirements of AMPK-SIRT1 activation, increased eNOS is essential for NED by elevating Nitric oxide (NO) levels. Pleiotropic effects of NO ultimately regulate p38MAPK in IL-6 induced NED. Hence, IL-6 induced AMPK-SIRT1 activation eventually transfers its activation signals through p38MAPK for advancing NED of LNCaP cells. Moreover, inactivation of p38MAPK with specific inhibitor (SB203580) attenuated IL-6 induced NED of LNCaP cells. Therefore, IL-6 promotes NED of PCa cells via AMPK/SIRT1/p38MAPK signaling. Finally, targeting AMPK-SIRT1 or p38MAPK in androgen independent PC3 cells with neuroendocrine features reversed their neuroendocrine characteristics. Taken together these novel findings reveal that targeting p38MAPK mitigated NED of PCa cells, and thus it can be a favorable target to overcome progression of NEPC.

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AIM: To assess and compare the oral health status and parental perception of child oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children with and without cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 300 children aged 5-15 years with and without CP in Bangalore city. Oral health status was assessed using WHO 2013 criteria, and malocclusion was assessed using Angle's classification of malocclusion. Parental perception of child OHRQoL was assessed using parental caregivers perceptions questionnaire. Chi-square test, Student's t-tests and logistic regression were applied. Majority of the study participants were males with a mean age of 10 years. Caries experience, gingivitis, dental trauma, and dental erosion were significantly higher among children with CP than the comparison group. Mean parental perception of child OHRQoL score among CP was significantly higher than that of comparison group (P < .001). Odds of having caries experience, gingivitis, dental trauma, and Angle's Class II/III malocclusion were significantly higher among CP children with poor OHRQoL compared to those without these conditions. CONCLUSION: Oral health status among children with CP was poor than the children without CP. Parents perceived poor OHRQoL among children with CP when compared to those without CP. Hence CP has an impact on oral health necessitating preventive care.

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BACKGROUND: Evaluate morbidities and "quality" of fiducial marker placement in primary liver tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) for CyberKnife. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six HCC with portal vein thrombosis(PVT) were evaluated for "quality" of fiducial placement, placement time, pain score, complications, recovery time and factors influencing placement. RESULTS: One hundred eight fiducials were placed in 36 patients. Fiducial placement radiation oncologist score was "good" in 24(67%), "fair" in 4(11%), and "poor" in 3(8%) patients. Concordance with radiologist score in "poor", "fair", and "good" score was 2/2(100%), 4/5(80%), and 24/27(89%), respectively(p=0.001). Child-Pugh score(p=0.080), performance status(PS) (p=0.014) and accrued during "learning curve"(p=0.013) affected placement score. Mean placement time(p=0.055), recovery time(p=0.025) was longer and higher major complications(p=0.009) with poor PS. Liver segment involved(p=0.484) and the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage did not influence placement score. "Good" placement score was 30% in first cohort whereas 93% in last cohort(p=0.023). Time for placement was 42.2 and 14.3 minutes, respectively(p=0.069). Post-fiducial pain score 0-1 in 26 patients(72%) and pain score 3-4 was in 2(6%). Five patients (14%) admitted in "day-care"(2 mild pneumothorax, 3 pain). Mortality in 1 patient(3%) admitted for hemothorax. CONCLUSION: Fiducial placement is safe and in experienced hands, "quality" of placement is "good" in majority. Major complications and admission after fiducial placement are rare. Complications, fiducial placement time, recovery time is more during the "learning curve". Poor Child-Pugh score, extensive liver involvement, poor PS have higher probability of complications.

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Background@#Evaluate morbidities and “quality” of fiducial marker placement in primary liver tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) for CyberKnife. @*Materials and Methods@#Thirty-six HCC with portal vein thrombosis(PVT) were evaluated for “quality” of fiducial placement, placement time, pain score, complications, recovery time and factors influencing placement. @*Results@#One hundred eight fiducials were placed in 36 patients. Fiducial placement radiation oncologist score was “good” in 24(67%), “fair” in 4(11%), and “poor” in 3(8%) patients. Concordance with radiologist score in “poor”, “fair”, and “good” score was 2/2(100%), 4/5(80%), and 24/27(89%), respectively(p=0.001). Child-Pugh score(p=0.080), performance status(PS) (p=0.014) and accrued during “learning curve”(p=0.013) affected placement score. Mean placement time(p=0.055), recovery time(p=0.025) was longer and higher major complications(p=0.009) with poor PS. Liver segment involved(p=0.484) and the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage did not influence placement score. “Good” placement score was 30% in first cohort whereas 93% in last cohort(p=0.023). Time for placement was 42.2 and 14.3 minutes, respectively(p=0.069). Post-fiducial pain score 0–1 in 26 patients(72%) and pain score 3–4 was in 2(6%). Five patients (14%) admitted in “day-care”(2 mild pneumothorax, 3 pain). Mortality in 1 patient(3%) admitted for hemothorax. @*Conclusion@#Fiducial placement is safe and in experienced hands, “quality” of placement is “good” in majority. Major complications and admission after fiducial placement are rare. Complications, fiducial placement time, recovery time is more during the “learning curve”. Poor Child-Pugh score, extensive liver involvement, poor PS have higher probability of complications.

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Background@#Evaluate morbidities and “quality” of fiducial marker placement in primary liver tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) for CyberKnife. @*Materials and Methods@#Thirty-six HCC with portal vein thrombosis(PVT) were evaluated for “quality” of fiducial placement, placement time, pain score, complications, recovery time and factors influencing placement. @*Results@#One hundred eight fiducials were placed in 36 patients. Fiducial placement radiation oncologist score was “good” in 24(67%), “fair” in 4(11%), and “poor” in 3(8%) patients. Concordance with radiologist score in “poor”, “fair”, and “good” score was 2/2(100%), 4/5(80%), and 24/27(89%), respectively(p=0.001). Child-Pugh score(p=0.080), performance status(PS) (p=0.014) and accrued during “learning curve”(p=0.013) affected placement score. Mean placement time(p=0.055), recovery time(p=0.025) was longer and higher major complications(p=0.009) with poor PS. Liver segment involved(p=0.484) and the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage did not influence placement score. “Good” placement score was 30% in first cohort whereas 93% in last cohort(p=0.023). Time for placement was 42.2 and 14.3 minutes, respectively(p=0.069). Post-fiducial pain score 0–1 in 26 patients(72%) and pain score 3–4 was in 2(6%). Five patients (14%) admitted in “day-care”(2 mild pneumothorax, 3 pain). Mortality in 1 patient(3%) admitted for hemothorax. @*Conclusion@#Fiducial placement is safe and in experienced hands, “quality” of placement is “good” in majority. Major complications and admission after fiducial placement are rare. Complications, fiducial placement time, recovery time is more during the “learning curve”. Poor Child-Pugh score, extensive liver involvement, poor PS have higher probability of complications.