RESUMEN
When two people move in synchrony, they become more social. Yet it is not clear how this effect scales up to larger numbers of people. Does a group need to move in unison to affiliate, in what we term unitary synchrony; or does affiliation arise from distributed coordination, patterns of coupled movements between individual members of a group? We developed choreographic tasks that manipulated movement synchrony without explicitly instructing groups to move in unison. Wrist accelerometers measured group movement dynamics and we applied cross-recurrence analysis to distinguish the temporal features of emergent unitary synchrony (simultaneous movement) and distributed coordination (coupled movement). Participants' unitary synchrony did not predict pro-social behavior, but their distributed coordination predicted how much they liked each other, how they felt toward their group, and how much they conformed to each other's opinions. The choreography of affiliation arises from distributed coordination of group movement dynamics.
Asunto(s)
Procesos de Grupo , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Conducta Social , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Synchronized movement is a ubiquitous feature of dance and music performance. Much research into the evolutionary origins of these cultural practices has focused on why humans perform rather than watch or listen to dance and music. In this study, we show that movement synchrony among a group of performers predicts the aesthetic appreciation of live dance performances. We developed a choreography that continuously manipulated group synchronization using a defined movement vocabulary based on arm swinging, walking and running. The choreography was performed live to four audiences, as we continuously tracked the performers' movements, and the spectators' affective responses. We computed dynamic synchrony among performers using cross recurrence analysis of data from wrist accelerometers, and implicit measures of arousal from spectators' heart rates. Additionally, a subset of spectators provided continuous ratings of enjoyment and perceived synchrony using tablet computers. Granger causality analyses demonstrate predictive relationships between synchrony, enjoyment ratings and spectator arousal, if audiences form a collectively consistent positive or negative aesthetic evaluation. Controlling for the influence of overall movement acceleration and visual change, we show that dance communicates group coordination via coupled movement dynamics among a group of performers. Our findings are in line with an evolutionary function of dance-and perhaps all performing arts-in transmitting social signals between groups of people. Human movement is the common denominator of dance, music and theatre. Acknowledging the time-sensitive and immediate nature of the performer-spectator relationship, our study makes a significant step towards an aesthetics of joint actions in the performing arts.
Asunto(s)
Baile , Estética , Música , Placer , Adolescente , Adulto , Nivel de Alerta , Percepción Auditiva , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Movimiento , Percepción Visual , Caminata , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, p16 expression and hypoxia may play important roles in the carcinogenesis, treatment response and toxicities of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The aim of this analysis was to assess whether there is any correlation between pre-radiotherapy (RT) anemia, p16 expression and toxicities and local control for patients undergoing definitive therapy. METHODS: 79 HNSCC patients who had undergone radiochemotherapy (RCT) or RT-antibody therapy were retrospectively analyzed. p16 (INK4A) expression was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Factors predisposing for acute side effects were examined by uni- and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: p16 overexpression was detected in 32 cases. Pretreatment anemia was present in one third of patients. Only 5% of patients were characterized by both pre-RT anemia and p16 overexpression. p16 expression was significantly associated with acute grade 3 toxicity. 47% of p16-positive patients developed grade ≥ 3 radiodermatitis compared to 26% of p16-negative patients (p = 0.04). A reduced risk of severe skin toxicities was noted for patients with hypoxic blood values before RT. p16 expression was significantly correlated with local control (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: p16 expression is associated with better response to definitive combined treatment (RCT, RT + cetuximab), but also significantly related to acute high-grade toxicity.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/epidemiología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Quimioradioterapia/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/epidemiología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/terapia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Radiodermatitis/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Causalidad , Comorbilidad , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina , Femenino , Alemania/epidemiología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Radiodermatitis/metabolismo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Nongestational choriocarcinomas are rare tumors. In the gastrointestinal tract, they are characterized by a biphasic tumor growth with separated areas of adenocarcinomatous and choriocarcinomatous differentiation. We here report a case of a combined adenocarcinoma-choriocarcinoma of the rectum. The tumor showed an aggressive clinical behavior with metastasis to the liver and lungs. A transient partial remission was achieved after 4 cycles of cisplatinum, etoposide, and ifosfamide chemotherapy, with normalization of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels. At this time, viable residual choriocarcinoma cells were found in surgically resected lung metastasis. The patient succumbed 8 months after initial diagnosis to a rapid abdominal relapse. We used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization to elucidate the genetic relationship of adenocarcinoma and choriocarcinoma in this neoplasm. We found genetic changes characteristic for colorectal adenocarcinomas, a loss of chromosomal regions 8p21-pter as well as 18q21-pter, and a gain of 5p and 20q, in both tumor parts. This provides evidence for the common origin of both components. A differential pattern of additional genetic changes suggests a clonal evolution from a common ancestor cell. In contrast to findings from a comparative study on a choriocarcinoma of the renal pelvis, we did not find an amplification of the germ cell cancer-associated chromosomal region 12p11.2-p12.1 in the areas of choriocarcinoma but found instead a loss of Xp11.3-pter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a CGH comparison of the adenocarcinomatous and choriocarcinomatous tumor parts in a nongestational choriocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract.