RESUMEN
Semen characteristics in boars fed organic or inorganic sources of Se were assessed in 3 experiments. Crossbred boars were randomly assigned at weaning to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: I) basal diets with no supplemental Se (control), II) basal diets with 0.3 mg/kg of supplemental Se from an organic source (Sel-Plex, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY), and III) basal diets supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of supplemental Se from sodium selenite (Premium Selenium 270, North American Nutrition Co. Inc., Lewisburg, OH). For Exp. 1, semen was collected from boars (n = 10/dietary treatment) on 5 consecutive days at 15 mo of age. Effects of treatment × day were detected for the proportions of progressively motile (P = 0.02) and rapidly moving (P = 0.03) spermatozoa, and measures of sperm velocity, including path velocity of the smoothed cell path (P = 0.05) and average velocity measured in a straight line from the beginning to the end of the track (P = 0.05). Negative effects of day of semen collection on sperm motility were least pronounced in boars fed Sel-Plex. Experiment 2 was conducted when boars were 17 mo of age, and semen was collected (n = 10 boars/dietary treatment), diluted in commercially available extenders, and stored at 18°C for 9 d. Effects of treatment × day were detected for percentages of motile (P = 0.01) and static (P = 0.01) spermatozoa, amplitude of lateral head displacement (P = 0.02), frequency with which the sperm track crossed the sperm path (P = 0.04), straightness (P = 0.01), and average size of all sperm heads (P = 0.03). In general, sperm cells from boars fed Sel-Plex were better able to maintain motility during liquid storage compared with boars fed sodium selenite. For Exp. 3, semen was collected from boars (n = 6/dietary treatment) at 23 mo of age, and spermatozoa were evaluated at d 1 and 8 after semen collection using in vitro fertilization procedures. There was a tendency for an effect (P = 0.11) of dietary treatment on fertilization rate with Sel-Plex-fed boars having the greatest value (70.7%). The results of this study suggest that there are positive effects of dietary supplementation with Sel-Plex on boar semen characteristics and that organic Se supplementation may help ameliorate the negative effects of semen storage on characteristics of sperm motility.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Fertilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Selenio/química , Análisis de Semen/veterinaria , Selenito de Sodio/farmacología , Alimentación Animal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Fertilización In Vitro/veterinaria , Masculino , Selenito de Sodio/química , Motilidad Espermática/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/fisiología , PorcinosRESUMEN
The objective was to compare growth and physiological responses in boars fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic sources of Se. At weaning, crossbred boars (n = 117; 8.3 kg of BW) were placed in nursery pens (3 boars/pen) and assigned within BW blocks to receive on an ad libitum basis 1 of 3 dietary treatments: I) basal diets with no supplemental Se (controls), II) basal diets supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of organic Se, and, III) basal diets supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of sodium selenite (13 pens/dietary treatment). Average daily gain (470 g/d), ADFI (896 g/d), and G:F (0.54) were similar among groups. Blood Se concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) for boars consuming organic Se (107.5 ± 4.8 µg/L) or sodium selenite (114.7 ± 4.8 µg/L) compared with controls (28.4 ± 4.8 µg/L). Intact pens of boars (11 pens/dietary treatment) were moved to a grow-finish barn and continued to receive appropriate diets on an ad libitum basis. Average daily gain (1,045 g/d) and ADFI (2,716 g/d) were similar among groups. Gain:feed was affected by treatment (P = 0.02) and was greater (P < 0.06) for boars fed organic Se (0.378 ± 0.004) compared with boars fed sodium selenite (0.368 ± 0.004) or controls (0.363 ± 0.004). Blood Se concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) in grow-finish boars consuming organic Se (198.9 ± 5.5 µg/L) than boars consuming sodium selenite (171.4 ± 5.4 µg/L) or controls (26.7 ± 5.4 µg/L). Treatment did not affect (P > 0.15) HCW, dressing percent, carcass length, LM area, standardized fat-free lean, lean percentage, backfat thickness, visual color, firmness, marbling, or Minolta loin color scores. Selenium supplementation did not affect (P > 0.17) testis or accessory sex gland sizes. Concentrations of Se in loin, liver, kidney, testis, cauda epididymis, and accessory sex glands were greatest (P < 0.01) in boars receiving organic Se, intermediate in boars receiving sodum selenite, and least in control boars. Microarray analysis of testis gene expression did not detect differences (P > 0.05) due to dietary treatment. Testis gene expression of glutathione peroxidase 4, as determined using quantitative PCR, was increased (P < 0.01) in boars fed organic Se compared with those fed sodium selenite. In summary, dietary supplementation of boars with organic Se failed to alter ADG or ADFI but enhanced G:F during grow-finish. More research is needed to discern the mechanism by which organic Se improves feed efficiency in boars.
Asunto(s)
Carne/normas , Selenometionina/farmacología , Selenito de Sodio/farmacología , Porcinos/metabolismo , Testículo/metabolismo , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Glutatión Peroxidasa/genética , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos/veterinaria , Fosfolípido Hidroperóxido Glutatión Peroxidasa , ARN/química , ARN/genética , Distribución Aleatoria , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Selenometionina/sangre , Selenito de Sodio/sangre , Testículo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Decontamination of surfaces and medical equipment is integral to the control of Clostridium difficile transmission, and many products claim to inactivate this bacterium effectively. Thirty-two disinfectants were tested against spores of C. difficile in a suspension test based on European Standard BS EN 13704:2002, with contact times of 1 and 60 min in simulations of clean (0.3% albumin) and dirty (3% albumin) conditions. The addition of a 1-min contact time was chosen as a more realistic simulation of probable real-life exposures in the situation being modelled than the 60 min specified by the Standard. The manufacturer's lowest recommended concentrations for use were tested. Sixteen products achieved >10(3) reduction in viability after 60 min (the pass criterion for the Standard) under both clean and dirty conditions. However, only eight products achieved >10(3) reduction in viability within 1 min under dirty conditions. Three products failed to reduce the viability of the C. difficile spores by a factor of 10(3) in any of the test conditions. This study highlights that the application of disinfectants claiming to be sporicidal is not, in itself, a panacea in the environmental control of C. difficile, but that carefully chosen environmental disinfectants could form part of a wider raft of control measures that include a range of selected cleaning strategies.
Asunto(s)
Clostridioides difficile/efectos de los fármacos , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Esporas Bacterianas/efectos de los fármacos , Hospitales , Control de Infecciones/métodosRESUMEN
The performance of a duct-mounted air disinfection system, designed to reduce airborne pathogens in the hospital environment, was determined using a new testing methodology. The methodology places the equipment in a test duct, a microbial aerosol is generated and then sampled simultaneously before and after the test system. This allows a percentage efficiency value to be calculated. The air disinfection system is a novel chemical-coated filter and ultraviolet (UV) radiation air purification system, operating at a flow rate of 500 m(3)/h, against aerosols of MS2 phage and Mycobacterium vaccae (surrogates of viral and mycobactericidal pathogens). A three UV lamp system was effective against airborne phages, removing an average of 97.34% of the aerosolized challenge. With the UV component switched off, the average efficiency dropped to 61.46%. This demonstrates that the chemical-coated filter component plays a more significant role than the UV radiation in destroying phages. When six UV lamps were used, the system was able to remove mycobacteria with an efficiency exceeding 99.99%. This test methodology can be used to assess manufacturers' claims of efficacy of equipment against airborne micro-organisms in the hospital environment.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Contaminación del Aire Interior/prevención & control , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Desinfección/métodos , Filtración , Levivirus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mycobacterium/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
The bacterial and viral filtration performance of 12 breathing system filters was determined using test methods specified in the draft European standard for breathing system filters, BS EN 13328-1. All the filters were of two types, either pleated hydrophobic or electrostatic, and these two types differed in their filtration performance. The filtration performance is expressed in terms of the microbial penetration value, defined as the number of microbes passing through the filter per 10 million microbes in the challenge. The geometric mean (95% confidence limits) microbial penetration value was 1.0 (0.5, 3.5) and 2390 (617, 10 000) for the pleated hydrophobic and electrostatic filters, respectively, for the bacterial challenge, and 87 (48, 212) and 32 600 (10 900, 84 900), respectively, for the viral challenge. In general, there was little change in the microbial penetration values following 24 h simulated use. It is concluded that results from the tests specified in the draft standard will allow comparisons to be made between different manufacturers' products enabling an informed choice to be made.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia por Inhalación/instrumentación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Equipos , Filtros Microporos , Virus/aislamiento & purificación , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Humanos , Respiración Artificial/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
Tests described in this paper show that gelatine membrane filters used in the MD8 microbiological air sampling system collected monodispersed aerosols between 0.7 and 1.0 microns containing viable Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, with an efficiency of 99.9995%. Gelatine membrane filters linked to the MD8 control pump system were as effective as the well established Casella slit-to-agar device for collecting some viable bacteria, nebulized under controlled experimental conditions and naturally occurring airborne micro-organisms in a pharmaceutical plant. By using a long flexible hose connection to the control pump, the head could be positioned where sampling was required in locations remote from the pump exhaust, making it suitable for microbiological monitoring in critical locations such as laminar flow stations and isolators.