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OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine differences between partners of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and partners of men from the population regarding sleep and two aspects of quality of life, partner-specific quality of life and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and to identify factors related to the partner-specific quality of life and the parameter sleep efficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The design was descriptive and comparative. The subjects were partners of men with LUTS suggestive of BPO (n = 126) and partners of randomly selected men from the general population (n = 131). Self-administered questionnaires about demography, comorbidity, sleep, sexuality, partner-specific quality of life and HRQoL were used. RESULTS: Partners of men with LUTS suggestive of BPO were significantly more affected in all variables measuring partner-specific quality of life compared with partners from the population. The most impaired aspects were compassion and worry about an operation or cancer. In logistic regression, the only explanatory factors were having a partner belonging to the LUTS group for impaired partner-specific quality of life and having a bed partner for high sleep efficiency. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the quantity and quality of sleep or the HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: The partner-specific quality of life was impaired in partners of men with LUTS suggestive of BPO. Sleep and HRQoL did not differ between partners of men with LUTS and partners from the population.

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BACKGROUND: Radical prostatectomy reduces mortality among men with localized prostate cancer; however, important questions regarding long-term benefit remain. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1999, we randomly assigned 695 men with early prostate cancer to watchful waiting or radical prostatectomy and followed them through the end of 2012. The primary end points in the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4 (SPCG-4) were death from any cause, death from prostate cancer, and the risk of metastases. Secondary end points included the initiation of androgen-deprivation therapy. RESULTS: During 23.2 years of follow-up, 200 of 347 men in the surgery group and 247 of the 348 men in the watchful-waiting group died. Of the deaths, 63 in the surgery group and 99 in the watchful-waiting group were due to prostate cancer; the relative risk was 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41 to 0.77; P=0.001), and the absolute difference was 11.0 percentage points (95% CI, 4.5 to 17.5). The number needed to treat to prevent one death was 8. One man died after surgery in the radical-prostatectomy group. Androgen-deprivation therapy was used in fewer patients who underwent prostatectomy (a difference of 25.0 percentage points; 95% CI, 17.7 to 32.3). The benefit of surgery with respect to death from prostate cancer was largest in men younger than 65 years of age (relative risk, 0.45) and in those with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (relative risk, 0.38). However, radical prostatectomy was associated with a reduced risk of metastases among older men (relative risk, 0.68; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Extended follow-up confirmed a substantial reduction in mortality after radical prostatectomy; the number needed to treat to prevent one death continued to decrease when the treatment was modified according to age at diagnosis and tumor risk. A large proportion of long-term survivors in the watchful-waiting group have not required any palliative treatment. (Funded by the Swedish Cancer Society and others.).

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BACKGROUND: In 2008, we reported that radical prostatectomy, as compared with watchful waiting, reduces the rate of death from prostate cancer. After an additional 3 years of follow-up, we now report estimated 15-year results. METHODS: From October 1989 through February 1999, we randomly assigned 695 men with early prostate cancer to watchful waiting or radical prostatectomy. Follow-up was complete through December 2009, with histopathological review of biopsy and radical-prostatectomy specimens and blinded evaluation of causes of death. Relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, were estimated with the use of a Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS: During a median of 12.8 years, 166 of the 347 men in the radical-prostatectomy group and 201 of the 348 in the watchful-waiting group died (P=0.007). In the case of 55 men assigned to surgery and 81 men assigned to watchful waiting, death was due to prostate cancer. This yielded a cumulative incidence of death from prostate cancer at 15 years of 14.6% and 20.7%, respectively (a difference of 6.1 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2 to 12.0), and a relative risk with surgery of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.87; P=0.01). The survival benefit was similar before and after 9 years of follow-up, was observed also among men with low-risk prostate cancer, and was confined to men younger than 65 years of age. The number needed to treat to avert one death was 15 overall and 7 for men younger than 65 years of age. Among men who underwent radical prostatectomy, those with extracapsular tumor growth had a risk of death from prostate cancer that was 7 times that of men without extracapsular tumor growth (relative risk, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.6 to 18.4). CONCLUSIONS: Radical prostatectomy was associated with a reduction in the rate of death from prostate cancer. Men with extracapsular tumor growth may benefit from adjuvant local or systemic treatment. (Funded by the Swedish Cancer Society and the National Institutes of Health.).

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are differences in the quantity and quality of sleep, including sleep efficiency and insomnia, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) between patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), men from the general population and patients with inguinal hernia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The designs were descriptive and comparative. The groups consisted of 239 patients aged 45-80 years who were referred to urological departments with LUTS suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. The comparison groups consisted of 213 randomly selected men from the general population, stratified according to age and geographical region, and 200 patients with inguinal hernia. The setting was one university and two general hospitals. The method was self-administered questionnaires about demography, comorbidity, sleep and health-related quality of life. Further, patients with LUTS answered questions about urinary symptoms and disease-specific quality of life. RESULTS: The prevalence of insomnia was 40%, 26% and 19% and the prevalence of sleep efficiency < 85% was 49%, 38.5% and 31% in the LUTS, general population and hernia groups, respectively. The median number of nocturnal micturitions was 2, 1 and 1. In the LUTS group (n = 216), 47% had IPSS 8-19 and 44% had ≥ 20 points. The HRQoL was significantly impaired in patients with LUTS compared with one or both of the comparison groups (p values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LUTS suggestive of BPO had significantly impaired sleep, a higher prevalence of insomnia and significantly impaired HRQoL compared with one or both of the comparison groups.

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BACKGROUND: The benefit of radical prostatectomy in patients with early prostate cancer has been assessed in only one randomized trial. In 2005, we reported that radical prostatectomy improved prostate cancer survival compared with watchful waiting after a median of 8.2 years of follow-up. We now report results after 3 more years of follow-up. METHODS: From October 1, 1989, through February 28, 1999, 695 men with clinically localized prostate cancer were randomly assigned to radical prostatectomy (n = 347) or watchful waiting (n = 348). Follow-up was complete through December 31, 2006, with histopathologic review and blinded evaluation of causes of death. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: During a median of 10.8 years of follow-up (range = 3 weeks to 17.2 years), 137 men in the surgery group and 156 in the watchful waiting group died (P = .09). For 47 of the 347 men (13.5%) who were randomly assigned to surgery and 68 of the 348 men (19.5%) who were not, death was due to prostate cancer. The difference in cumulative incidence of death due to prostate cancer remained stable after about 10 years of follow-up. At 12 years, 12.5% of the surgery group and 17.9% of the watchful waiting group had died of prostate cancer (difference = 5.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2 to 11.1%), for a relative risk of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.45 to 0.94; P = .03). The difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases did not increase beyond 10 years of follow-up. At 12 years, 19.3% of men in the surgery group and 26% of men in the watchful waiting group had been diagnosed with distant metastases (difference = 6.7%, 95% CI = 0.2 to 13.2%), for a relative risk of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.47 to 0.88; P = .006). Among men who underwent radical prostatectomy, those with extracapsular tumor growth had 14 times the risk of prostate cancer death as those without it (RR = 14.2, 95% CI = 3.3 to 61.8; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Radical prostatectomy reduces prostate cancer mortality and risk of metastases with little or no further increase in benefit 10 or more years after surgery.

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OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the quality of life experienced by the partners of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). The aims of this study were to translate a specific quality of life questionnaire for partners to patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE)/BPO to Swedish and to test its reliability and responsiveness. A secondary aim was to evaluate the impact the patients' urinary symptoms have on their partners' specific quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted using two groups: a reliability partner group; and a responsiveness/evaluation partner group. Both groups consisted of the partners of patients on the waiting list for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The reliability of the quality of life questionnaire for the partners of men with BPE/BPO was tested in 51 partners, with a test-retest interval of 5 weeks. The partners' specific quality of life and the responsiveness of the questionnaire were evaluated in 51 partners by administering the questionnaire before and 3 months after the patient's TURP. RESULTS: At the test-retest, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for each question varied between 0.59 and 0.86 and Cronbach's alpha was 0.80. Partners were affected by the patients' BPO symptoms. Compassion, worry about cancer and worry about an operation were the aspects of the specific quality of life that affected most partners (92%, 77% and 65%, respectively), whereas effects on spare time and household activities affected fewer partners: 35% and 24%, respectively. The specific quality of life among partners improved significantly after the patient's TURP. CONCLUSIONS: The Swedish version of a partner-specific quality of life questionnaire for men with LUTS suggestive of BPE/BPO had an acceptable reliability and responsiveness. Partners are affected by the patients' symptoms, and it is emotional rather than practical aspects which most affect them.

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OBJECTIVES: Firstly, to describe self-reported urinary symptoms and bothersomeness, including disease-specific quality of life (QOL), in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) before and 6 months after intervention. Secondly, to identify factors which predict disease-specific QOL. Thirdly, to develop and test the reliability of an instrument to evaluate incontinence, the Linköping Incontinence Questionnaire (LIQ). Finally, to translate and test the reliability of Swedish versions of the International Prostate Symptom Score, including the bother question, the American Urological Association Symptom Problem Index (SPI) and the Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Impact Index. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Disease-specific QOL was studied in 572/720 consecutively treated patients using structured questionnaires. The reliability of the instruments was tested in 122 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or BPO. RESULTS: The frequency and weak stream items of the SPI were among those that best explained the patients' disease-specific QOL both before and after intervention. Before and after intervention the prevalence of urinary incontinence, assessed using the LIQ instrument, was 46% and 16%, respectively. Symptoms and disease-specific QOL improved most in the surgery group, intermediately in the transurethral incision of the prostate/transurethral microwave thermotherapy group and least in the drug therapy group. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency and weak stream items of the SPI were the factors that best explained disease-specific QOL. The prevalence of incontinence before and after intervention was higher than that previously reported.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical efficacy of ProstaLund Feedback Treatment (PLFT) using the CoreTherm device versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and prostate enucleation surgery. METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter study of 120 patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia and persistent urinary retention requiring an indwelling catheter or clean intermittent catheterization. The primary efficacy variables were success in catheter removal and symptom improvement. RESULTS: Of the 120 patients, 79% and 88% were catheter free after PLFT and surgery, respectively. The bother score (quality-of-life question) decreased from 4.6 in both groups before treatment to 1.4 in the PLFT group and 0.8 in the surgery group at 6 months of follow-up. The peak urinary flow rate was 13.4 mL/s after PLFT and 18.0 mL/s after surgery. The mean catheterization time was 34 days in the PLFT group and 5 days in the surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: PLFT is an effective alternative to surgical treatment in this group of catheterized patients. The risk of severe complications is reduced using PLFT, and an excellent treatment option can thereby be offered to this high-risk patient group who earlier could be treated only with lifelong catheterization.

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BACKGROUND: In 2002, we reported the initial results of a trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in the management of early prostate cancer. After three more years of follow-up, we report estimated 10-year results. METHODS: From October 1989 through February 1999, 695 men with early prostate cancer (mean age, 64.7 years) were randomly assigned to radical prostatectomy (347 men) or watchful waiting (348 men). The follow-up was complete through 2003, with blinded evaluation of the causes of death. The primary end point was death due to prostate cancer; the secondary end points were death from any cause, metastasis, and local progression. RESULTS: During a median of 8.2 years of follow-up, 83 men in the surgery group and 106 men in the watchful-waiting group died (P=0.04). In 30 of the 347 men assigned to surgery (8.6 percent) and 50 of the 348 men assigned to watchful waiting (14.4 percent), death was due to prostate cancer. The difference in the cumulative incidence of death due to prostate cancer increased from 2.0 percentage points after 5 years to 5.3 percentage points after 10 years, for a relative risk of 0.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.88; P=0.01 by Gray's test). For distant metastasis, the corresponding increase was from 1.7 to 10.2 percentage points, for a relative risk in the surgery group of 0.60 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.42 to 0.86; P=0.004 by Gray's test), and for local progression, the increase was from 19.1 to 25.1 percentage points, for a relative risk of 0.33 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.44; P<0.001 by Gray's test). CONCLUSIONS: Radical prostatectomy reduces disease-specific mortality, overall mortality, and the risks of metastasis and local progression. The absolute reduction in the risk of death after 10 years is small, but the reductions in the risks of metastasis and local tumor progression are substantial.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish normal ranges for timed micturition, i.e. the time to void the first 100 ml, study its dependency on voided volume and age and compare it to maximum flow rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomly selected men from the National Register without voiding symptoms were investigated. These 58 men (aged 30-75 years) registered 1286 voidings (median 21 per person) at home with the aid of a portable uroflowmeter. Timed micturition and maximum flow rate were obtained from the same voidings. RESULTS: An increase in timed micturition with an increase in age was confirmed. When estimating normal ranges it was sufficient to use the age groups < or = 55 years and > or = 56 years. Maximum flow rate is shown in nomograms with voided volume. Timed micturition had less dependency on voided volume than maximum flow rate. The normal ranges of timed micturition are < or = 9 s for men aged < or = 55 years and < or = 15 s for those aged > or = 56 years. The true median of timed micturition for men aged > or = 56 years may be 6 s lower or 2.5 s higher than the value of a single measurement. Corresponding figures for maximum flow rate are 5 and 6 ml/s. CONCLUSIONS: Timed micturition has a low dependency on volume and values of < or = 9 s and < or = 15 s are normal for men aged < or = 55 years and > or = 56 years, respectively.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare and evaluate manually performed timed micturition in a domestic setting with registrations made using a home flowmeter. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-six randomly selected men without voiding symptoms performed timed micturition at home both by hand and with a Da Capo home flowmeter. Statistical comparison using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and regression analysis of the differences was performed to evaluate whether the two methods were comparable. RESULTS: In two cases, there was a large discrepancy between the two methods. For the remaining 44 men, there were no statistically significant differences between the two methods. The median (range) timed micturition was 7 s (3-35 s) for manual measurements and 6.5 s (3.5-28 s) for electronic measurements. For each individual, the difference between the manually and electronically obtained medians was calculated. The average individual difference was 0.06 s (SD 1.6 s). CONCLUSION: Approximately 95% of men are able to measure timed micturition at home manually without statistically or clinically significant differences from electronically obtained measurements. One has to be aware that in a small proportion of cases timed micturition measured at home may be falsely long.

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BACKGROUND: Radical prostatectomy is widely used in the treatment of early prostate cancer. The possible survival benefit of this treatment, however, is unclear. We conducted a randomized trial to address this question. METHODS: From October 1989 through February 1999, 695 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer in International Union against Cancer clinical stage T1b, T1c, or T2 were randomly assigned to watchful waiting or radical prostatectomy. We achieved complete follow-up through the year 2000 with blinded evaluation of causes of death. The primary end point was death due to prostate cancer, and the secondary end points were overall mortality, metastasis-free survival, and local progression. RESULTS: During a median of 6.2 years of follow-up, 62 men in the watchful-waiting group and 53 in the radical-prostatectomy group died (P=0.31). Death due to prostate cancer occurred in 31 of 348 of those assigned to watchful waiting (8.9 percent) and in 16 of 347 of those assigned to radical prostatectomy (4.6 percent) (relative hazard, 0.50; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.91; P=0.02). Death due to other causes occurred in 31 of 348 men in the watchful-waiting group (8.9 percent) and in 37 of 347 men in the radical-prostatectomy group (10.6 percent). The men assigned to surgery had a lower relative risk of distant metastases than the men assigned to watchful waiting (relative hazard, 0.63; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.41 to 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized trial, radical prostatectomy significantly reduced disease-specific mortality, but there was no significant difference between surgery and watchful waiting in terms of overall survival.

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This is the first report of the International Continence Society (ICS) on the development of comprehensive guidelines for Good Urodynamic Practice for the measurement, quality control, and documentation of urodynamic investigations in both clinical and research environments. This report focuses on the most common urodynamics examinations; uroflowmetry, pressure recording during filling cystometry, and combined pressure-flow studies. The basic aspects of good urodynamic practice are discussed and a strategy for urodynamic measurement, equipment set-up and configuration, signal testing, plausibility controls, pattern recognition, and artifact correction are proposed. The problems of data analysis are mentioned only when they are relevant in the judgment of data quality. In general, recommendations are made for one specific technique. This does not imply that this technique is the only one possible. Rather, it means that this technique is well-established, and gives good results when used with the suggested standards of good urodynamic practice.

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