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PURPOSE: To investigate the veracity of Jampolsky's statement that Bielschowsky's head tilt test is inverted if performed with the patient in the upside-down position and to interpret its neuromuscular mechanism. METHODS: We present a series of 10 patients selected from a referred sample who were diagnosed with superior oblique paresis. Hypertropia was measured in the primary position, with the head erect and tilted toward both shoulders with the patient in the erect, supine, and upside-down positions. The last position was achieved by hanging the patient upside-down. RESULTS: As expected, our results showed the veracity of Jampolsky's statement. The forced head tilt difference was inverted or significantly decreased when the test was performed in the upside-down position. Moreover, in all patients, Bielschowsky's phenomenon was neutralized in the supine body position, in which hypertropia with the head erect tended to vanish. In 3 patients, it disappeared completely. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that, in patients with superior oblique paresis, differences in the extent of hypertropia in Bielschowsky's test tended to vanish when the test was performed with the patient in the supine position and invert when it was performed with the patient in the upside-down position.

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Purpose: To investigate the veracity of Jampolsky's statement that Bielschowsky's head tilt test is inverted if performed with the patient in the upside-down position and to interpret its neuromuscular mechanism. Methods: We present a series of 10 patients selected from a referred sample who were diagnosed with superior oblique paresis. Hypertropia was measured in the primary position, with the head erect and tilted toward both shoulders with the patient in the erect, supine, and upside-down positions. The last position was achieved by hanging the patient upside-down. Results: As expected, our results showed the veracity of Jampolsky's statement. The forced head tilt difference was inverted or significantly decreased when the test was performed in the upside-down position. Moreover, in all patients, Bielschowsky's phenomenon was neutralized in the supine body position, in which hypertropia with the head erect tended to vanish. In 3 patients, it disappeared completely. Conclusions: This study showed that, in patients with superior oblique paresis, differences in the extent of hypertropia in Bielschowsky's test tended to vanish when the test was performed with the patient in the supine position and invert when it was performed with the patient in the upside-down position. .

Objetivo: Investigar a veracidade da suposição de Jampolsky de que o teste de inclinação da cabeça de Bielschowsky invertese caso seja realizado com o paciente de cabeça para baixo, e tentar interpretar o mecanismo neuromuscular envolvido. Métodos: Apresentamos uma série de 10 pacientes portadores de paresia do oblíquo superior. Foi medida a hipertropia dos pacientes na posição primária do olhar e com a cabeça inclinada para cada um dos lados nas posições ereta, supina e de cabeça para baixo. Resultados: Como esperado, nossos resultados confirmaram a suposição de Jampolsky; além disso, e em todos os pacientes, o fenômeno de Bielschowsky foi neutralizado em posição supina. As diferenças da magnitude da hipertropia ao teste de Bielschowsky diminuiram significativamente ou inverteramse quando o paciente foi testado de cabeça para baixo. Conclusões: Este estudo demonstrou que, nos pacientes com paresia do oblíquo superior, a hipertropia evidenciada pelo teste de Bielschowsky tende a desaparecer com o paciente na posição supina e a se inverter quando o teste é realizado com o paciente de cabeça para baixo. .

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"Progressive esotropia fixus" is a disease present in high myopic patients with a large angle esotropia associated with hypotropia with poor surgical results. This paper has the purpose to describe Yamada's surgical technique (hemitranspositions of the superior rectus and lateral rectus) applied to 2 patients with good surgical results.

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A "esotropia fixa progressiva" se apresenta como um quadro de esotropia progressiva, em adultos altos míopes, que aumenta até que os olhos fiquem fixos numa esotropia de grande ângulo, geralmente associada a hipotropia, e que tem fracos resultados cirúrgicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a abordagem cirúrgica de 2 pacientes com "esotropia fixa adquirida progressiva" que foram operados segundo a técnica de Yamada (hemitransposição dos retos lateral e superior), e obtiveram bom resultado pós-operatório.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A-pattern esotropias without superior oblique muscle overaction form a small but distinct group among A and V pattern anisotropias. The purpose of this study was to determine the results of ungraded 5 mm bilateral medial rectus muscle transpositions as a treatment of A anisotropia in esotropic patients, and to study these results with relation to the magnitude of preoperative A anisotropia and to the magnitude of preoperative esotropia in primary position. METHODS: Patient data on all 37 esotropic patients who had 5 mm elevation of the medial rectus muscle insertion for correction of A anisotropia at our institution during the previous 25 years were studied. We considered the surgical result to be "satisfactory" when a total correction, and A pattern less than 10 Prism Diopters (PD) or a V pattern less than 15 PD were obtained. The patients were divided into different groups, according to the magnitude of the preoperative A pattern and according to the magnitude of the preoperative esotropia in primary position. For statistical analysis, the Chi Square and the Fisher Tests were employed. RESULTS: "Satisfactory" results were found in 70.3% of the cases. The mean correction of A anisotropia was 11.4 PD (76.1%), which corresponded to 2.3 PD per millimeter of transposition. "Unsatisfactory" results were more prevalent in patients with esotropia in primary position larger than 40 PD (p=0.0418). CONCLUSIONS: A five millimeter vertical transposition (elevation) of both medial rectus muscles is an effective treatment for correction of A anisotropia in most esotropic patients, but is associated with unsatisfactory results when the preoperative esotropia in primary position is larger than 40 PD.

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Objetivo: Análise dos resultados cirúrgicos da correçäo dos estrabismos horizontais em portadores de alta miopia, em pacientes do Departamento de Oftalmologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Säo Paulo. Métodos: Foram estudados os prontuários de 24 pacientes esotrópicos e 17 exotrópicos, portadores de miopia maior que 6,00 DE operados para correçäo do estrabismo. Consideramos como bons resultados cirúrgicos desvios residuais entre esotropia e exotropia de 10. Resultados: Observou-se grande incidência de maus resultados entre os pacientes esotrópicos altos míopes. Conclusäo: Concluímos que existe uma tendência a piores resultados cirúrgicos nos pacientes esotrópicos com miopia maior que -6,00 DE, em comparaçäo com esotrópicos com erro refrativo entre -0,75 DE e+ 3,50 DE.

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Objetivo: Transposiçäo vertical dos músculos retos horizontais é a técnica de eleiçäo para as anisotropias verticais em que näo há disfunçäo de músculos oblíquos que as justifique. O objetivo foi avaliar o resultado das transposiçöes efetuadas e identificar quais os fatores determinantes do resultado, para estabelecer-se relaçäo que informe a magnitude da transposiçäo que deva ser realizada para determinada magnitude de anisotropia. Métodos: Avaliaram-se retrospectivamente 43 pacientes portadores de anisotropias em A ou V, associado a estrabismos horizontais essenciais, sem disfunçäo de músculos oblíquos, submetidos à transposiçäo vertical bilateral e simétrica dos músculos retos horizontais. Resultados: 81,4 porcento dos pacientes apresentavam esotropia com forma em A. A média das anisotropias situou-se em torno das 19 DP e a maior parte das transposiçöes foi de 4mm, obtendo-se 66,7 a 79,5 porcento de sucesso, isto é, casos com anisotropias residuais em A até 5 DP ou V até 10 DP. A correçäo da anisotropia correlaciona-se intensamente com a magnitude da anisotropia pré-operatória e com a magnitude da transposiçäo efetuada, sobretudo com aquela, sugerindo assim ser o procedimento auto-ajustável. A equaçäo linear com as 3 variáveis mostrou-se clinicamente incoerente e foi, portanto, abandonada. Conclusöes: A transposiçäo vertical e simétrica dos músculos retos horizontais é eficaz para o tratamento das anisotropias verticais sem disfunçäo de oblíquos, sendo este resultado estável em seguimento prolongado

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