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BACKGROUND: Lithopedion is a term that refers to a fetus that has calcified or changed to bone. The calcification may involve the fetus, membranes, placenta, or any combination of these structures. It is an extremely rare complication of pregnancy and can remain asymptomatic or present with gastrointestinal and/or genitourinary symptoms. CASE PRESENTATION: A 50-year-old Congolese refugee with a nine-year history of retained fetus after a fetal demise was resettled to the United States (U.S.). She had chronic symptoms of abdominal pain and discomfort, dyspepsia, and gurgling sensation after eating. She experienced stigmatization from healthcare professionals in Tanzania at the time of the fetal demise and subsequently avoided healthcare interaction whenever possible. Upon arrival to the U.S., evaluation of her abdominal mass included abdominopelvic imaging which confirmed the diagnosis of lithopedion. She was referred to gynecologic oncology for surgical consultation given intermittent bowel obstruction from underlying abdominal mass. However, she declined intervention due to fear of surgery and elected for symptom monitoring. Unfortunately, she passed away due to severe malnutrition in the context of recurrent bowel obstruction due to the lithopedion and continued fear of seeking medical care. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrated a rare medical phenomenon and the impact of medical distrust, poor health awareness, and limited access to healthcare among populations most likely to be affected by a lithopedion. This case highlighted the need for a community care model to bridge the gap between the healthcare team and newly resettled refugees.

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BACKGROUND: Labeling a patient "non-compliant" is a form of dehumanization that can deprive the patient of positive human qualities and/or agency in the mind of a physician. The term "non-compliant" is frequently used in medical record documentation and has been shown to compromise care, particularly for marginalized communities. There is limited literature on the impact of the label on medical trainees. We aimed to explore how internal medicine residents and fellows (trainees) perceive the term "non-compliant patient" and its impact on their practice after interacting with a simulated refugee patient who has not followed a physician's recommendations. METHODS: Kolb's experiential learning cycle guided the design of the educational session which was part of a required communication skills curriculum for trainees. A scenario was created to simulate a refugee patient who had not adhered to their treatment plan and could potentially be labeled as "non-compliant." Trainees participated in the 3-h session consisting of a remote simulated patient encounter immediately followed by a virtual structured debrief session that was recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis of debrief transcripts was conducted starting with the use of provisional codes from the literature on the doctor-patient relationship and de/humanization. RESULTS: In group debrief sessions, trainees reflected upon the standardized patient case and chose to also discuss similar cases they had experienced in clinical practice. Trainees indicated that the term "non-compliant patient" served as a biasing function and described how this bias negatively impacted the doctor-patient relationship. Trainees described how marginalized communities might be more susceptible to the negative connotation associated with the term "non-compliant patient." For some trainees, the term triggered further investigation of underlying barriers to care and exploration of the social determinants of health. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the phrase "non-compliant patient," though common in medical practice, may lead to patient dehumanization among trainees. A simulated refugee patient encounter followed by a facilitated group debrief allowed participants to verbalize and reflect on the meaning and possible impact of the label.

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Purpose: Refugee and immigrant patients face significant barriers to health care and are more likely to have poorly controlled chronic disease than the general U.S. population. I-Care aims to improve health equity for refugees and immigrants who face a disproportionate burden of chronic disease. Methods: Refugees and immigrants with uncontrolled diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors were enrolled in a care management program within an academic adult medicine clinic. The program utilized a care manager to coordinate care and services between designated primary care providers, affiliated clinical teams, and community partners. Health literacy, chronic disease parameters, and care utilization were assessed at enrollment and 8-12 months later. Results: A total of 50 refugees and immigrants were followed for 8 to 12 months. Clinical parameters found a reduced mean HbA1c from 9.32 to 8.60 (p=0.05) and reduced low-density lipoprotein mean from 96.22 to 86.60 (p=0.01). The frequency of normal blood pressures was 9 (18%) at enrollment and 16 (32%) at 1 year. The cumulative frequency of emergency room visits decreased from 66% to 36% and hospitalizations from 22% to 8%. Rates of comprehensive care monitoring, including monofilament testing and one-time ophthalmology visits, increased from 60% to 82% and from 32% to 42%, respectively. Cumulative frequency of interdisciplinary support engagement with pharmacy and nutrition visits increased from 58% to 78% and from 26% to 38%, respectively. Conclusion: This program highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary community-engaged care model that has demonstrated improvement in quality metrics and health care costs for refugees and immigrants.