RESUMEN

Isosteric heat of adsorption is indispensable in probing the energetic behavior of interaction between adsorbate and solid, and it can shed insight into how molecules interact with a solid by studying the dependence of isosteric heat on loading. In this study, we illustrated how this can be used to explain the difference between adsorption of non-polar (and weakly polar) fluids and strong polar fluids on a highly graphitized carbon black, Carbopack F. This carbon black has a very small quantity of functional group, and interestingly we showed that no matter how small it is the analysis of the isosteric heat versus loading can identify its presence and how it affects the way polar molecules adsorb. We used argon and nitrogen as representatives of non-polar fluid and weakly polar fluid, and methanol and water for strong polar fluid. The pattern of the isosteric heat versus loading can be regarded as a fingerprint to determine the mechanism of adsorption for strong polar fluids, which is very distinct from that for non-polar fluids. This also allows us to estimate the interplay between the various interactions: fluid-fluid, fluid-basal plane and fluid-functional group.

RESUMEN

Aqueous Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+) were continuously removed and regenerated using a bulk powder of calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2), CaHAp) and a glass plate coated with a thin film of CaHAp. Although use of CaHAp effectively removed aqueous Pb(2+) from the wastewater, lead cations immobilized on CaHAp could not be regenerated in an aqueous solution due to the formation of lead hydroxyapatite (Pb(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2)), which is insoluble in water at acidic and neutral pH. In contrast, Co(2+) and Cu(2+) immobilized on CaHAp were easily regenerated in an aqueous solution by treatment with an acidic aqueous solution containing Ca(NO(3))(2), as previously reported for the CaHAp-Cd(2+) system. We found that the combination of the removal of the aqueous divalent cations by the CaHAp film and subsequent regeneration of the immobilized divalent cations from the film allowed for recycling of the film and for removal and regeneration of aqueous Cd(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+).

RESUMEN

Boehmite (Al(OH)O) was employed for the removal of aqueous Mg(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+), and Co(2+) at 298 K. Although boehmite was able to remove these divalent cations, the greater removal rate with boehmite of Pb(2+) (28.7%) than with Mg(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+), and Co(2+) (5.6, 25.3, 10.9, and 13.3%, respectively) was observed under acidic conditions. Under stronger alkaline conditions, in which the lead species was completely dissolved, a greater removal rate of Pb(2+) (more than 80%) was observed under the corresponding conditions employed for the acidic conditions. The removed lead species could not be dissolved from boehmite in an acidic solution while an evident dissolution of lead species was detected using an aqueous NaOH solution. The results shown in the present study reveal that boehmite can be employed as a reagent for the removal and regeneration of aqueous metal cations.

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RESUMEN

A glass plate was coated with calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) by a dip-coating method and employed for the removal of aqueous cadmium. Sol obtained from alcoholic solution of (NH(4))(2)HPO(4) and Ca(NO(3))(2) x 4H(2)O was employed for the precursor of the CaHAp layer. The preparation of CaHAp from the sol needed a rather low calcination temperature of 573 K and the resulting solid mainly contained CaHAp. It was shown that the glass plate coated with CaHAp with the sol could be employed for the removal of aqueous cadmium. Furthermore, it was found that cadmium immobilized on the coated plate could be regenerated into weak acidic solution. A dissolution-precipitation mechanism was suggested for the removal-regeneration of aqueous cadmium.

RESUMEN

Magnesium hydrogen phosphate, calcium hydroxyapatite, and strontium hydroxyapatite were successfully prepared from sol consisting of sodium alginate and Na4P2O7 with Mg2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ in the corresponding nitrates, respectively. It is revealed that the order of the addition of those substrates and the role of sodium alginate are important factors for the preparation of desired phosphate compounds. According to the previous paper on the preparation of calcium hydroxyapatite, sodium alginate was mixed with aqueous Na4P2O7, followed by the addition of the aqueous divalent cations, resulting in the poor formation of the target phosphates. However, as a revised sol-gel technique, sodium alginate was added to the mixture of Na4P2O7 and aqueous Mg2+ and Sr2+, resulting in a rather favorable formation of MgHPO4 and strontium hydroxyapatite, respectively, while the sol thus obtained was stable within a few days. However for aqueous Ca2+, calcium hydroxyapatite could not be obtained through the revised sol-gel technique. In the preparation of magnesium hydrogen phosphate, sodium alginate contributes mainly to the sol formation of the precursor. The ion exchange between Na+ in sodium alginate and aqueous Ca2+ was important for the preparation of calcium hydroxyapatite. In contrast, the reaction of sodium alginate with the mixture of Na4P2O7 and aqueous Sr2+ afforded strontium hydroxyapatite at the specific ratio of those three substrates. The structure of calcium and strontium phosphates prepared from the revised sol-gel process evidently depended on the amount of sodium alginate introduced into the mixture of Na4P2O7 and the corresponding divalent cations.

RESUMEN

In order to recycle magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O: MAP) obtained from MAP process, which is one of the attractive processes for removal of aqueous ammonium and phosphate from wastewater, ammonium elimination from MAP to magnesium phosphates and ammonium incorporation into the magnesium phosphates have been investigated in the present study. It is confirmed that magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MgHPO4) is favorably obtained from the ammonium elimination from MAP at temperatures greater than 353 K, although magnesium phosphate (Mg3(PO4)2) and magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg2P2O7) have been suggested as possible candidates. Based on the dissolution-precipitation mechanism for the removal of aqueous ammonium with magnesium phosphates, three magnesium phosphates were employed for the removal of aqueous ammonium. The order of the removal rate of the aqueous ammonium was MgHPO4>Mg3(PO4)2>Mg2P2O7, as expected from the solubility of those magnesium phosphates. The removability of the solid obtained from ammonium elimination of MAP is also confirmed. The present results show that MAP can be employed as an advanced material for the removal/recovery of ammonium, although it is generally accepted that an excess of MAP obtained from the wastewater treatment can be only used as a slow-acting fertilizer.

RESUMEN

Enzymatic degradation of p-chlorophenol was carried out in a two-phase flow in a microchannel (100 microm width, 25 microm depth) fabricated on a glass plate (70 mm x 38 mm). This is the first report on the enzymatic reaction in a two-phase flow on a microfluidic device. The surface of the microchannel was partially modified with octadecylsilane groups to be hydrophobic, thus allowing clear phase separation at the end-junction of the microchannel. The enzyme (laccase), which is surface active, was solubilized in a succinic aqueous buffer and the substrate (p-chlorophenol) was in isooctane. The degradation of p-chlorophenol occurred mainly at the aqueous-organic interface in the microchannel. We investigated the effects of flow velocity and microchannel shape on the enzymatic degradation of p-chlorophenol. Assuming that diffusion of the substrate (p-chlorophenol) is the rate-limiting step in the enzymatic degradation of p-chlorophenol in the microchannel, we proposed a simple theoretical model for the degradation in the microchannel. The calculated degradation values agreed well with the experimental data.

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