RESUMEN
Two different extraction processes, Soxhlet and ultrasound, were used to obtain the oil extracts of Western Schley, Wichita, and Native pecan nuts cultured in Chihuahua, Mexico. The aspects evaluated in this study were the extraction yield of the processes and fatty acids' profile of the resulting extracts. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and determine the composition percentage of fatty acids present in pecan nuts oils extracted. The results obtained show that higher oil extraction yields were obtained by Soxhlet method with hexane (69.90%) in Wichita varieties. Wichita, Western Schley, and Native pecan nuts from Chihuahua are rich in PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) and have low levels of SFA (saturated fatty acids). The predominant fatty acid present in all pecan nuts oils was linoleic acid followed by oleic acid. Myristic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid were also identified in representative quantities. The results from this study suggest that there are statistically significant differences in the chemical composition of the pecan nuts oils extracted from the varieties cultured in Chihuahua, Mexico, and those cultivated in other regions of the world.
RESUMEN
In the development of leeches such as Helobdella robusta, mesodermal and ectodermal fates segregate to cells DM and DNOPQ, respectively, at fourth cleavage. As one step in identifying genes that may act in mesoderm determination, we have cloned the H. robusta homolog to the Drosophila gene twist. This homolog, designated Hro-twi, exhibits high (> 90%) amino acid identity with other twist-class genes within its basic-helix loop-helix (b-HLH) DNA binding motif and dimerization domain. Like twist, Hro-twi contains CAX-rich stretches: three stretches 5' to the b-HLH and one located 3' of the b-HLH motif. RT-PCR analysis suggests that Hro-twi is present throughout development, beginning as a maternal transcript in the oocyte.
Asunto(s)
Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Sanguijuelas/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , ARN Mensajero/genética , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Factores de Transcripción , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Genes/genética , Secuencias Hélice-Asa-Hélice , Sanguijuelas/embriología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Oocitos/química , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Proteína 1 Relacionada con TwistRESUMEN
1. Three pooled and 20 individual venom samples of Crotalus viridis lutosus from different localities in Utah and Arizona were screened and fractionated with HPLC-anion exchange. 2. Pooled venom samples and fractions were tested for hemorrhagic, collagenase, and phospholipase activities, and reactivity to a monoclonal antibody against a hemorrhagin from C. atrox venom (CA-P-8) using ELISA. 3. The 20 individual samples were organized into four groups based on their HPLC profiles. 4. ELISA results and specific hemorrhagic activity of the venom samples displayed a variation in latitidinal distribution although from the same species.
Asunto(s)
Venenos de Crotálidos/inmunología , Variación Genética , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Venenos de Crotálidos/genética , Venenos de Crotálidos/metabolismo , Endopeptidasas/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Colagenasa Microbiana/metabolismo , Fosfolipasas/metabolismo , SerpientesRESUMEN
1. Ten venoms of the genus Crotalus (Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus atrox, Crotalus durissus durissus, Crotalus horridus horridus, Crotalus lepidus, Crotalus polystictus, Crotalus molossus molossus, Crotalus pusillus, Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, venom B, and Crotalus viridis lutosus) were fractionated using HPLC anion and cation exchange chromatography. 2. HPLC venom fractions were tested for hemorrhagic, hemolytic, and proteolytic activities. 3. Crude Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum neutralized the hemorrhagic activity of HPLC fractions.
Asunto(s)
Venenos de Crotálidos/análisis , Animales , Antivenenos/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Venenos de Crotálidos/metabolismo , Hemólisis , Hemorragia/inducido químicamente , Zarigüeyas , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Proteolytic, hemorrhagic and hemolytic activities were tested on 47 different venoms from the Crotalidae, Viperidae, Elapidae, and Hydrophiidae families. Antihemorrhagic activity of crude opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and woodrat (Neotoma micropus) serum was tested against the venoms that presented hemorrhagic activity. All venoms showed proteolytic activity when non-specific substrates such as hide powder and collagen were used. Members of the Crotalidae family had the highest hide powder, chymotrypsin-like and hemorrhagic activity. However, members of the Elapidae family had the highest collagen activity. Hemolytic activity was present in 85% of the snake venoms tested. The crude opossum and woodrat serum neutralized the hemorrhagic activity of all the hemorrhagic venoms. Of particular interest is the poor correlation between the venom activities measured here and the phylogenetic position of the snake that possess them. This is particularly true at the genus and species level. Differences in activities were found among individuals of the same genus. The significance of these differences among venoms of closely related snakes is unknown. They do not seem to be adaptive, however little is known of the physiology and habits of most venomous snakes.
Asunto(s)
Hemólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Hemorragia/inducido químicamente , Péptido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Venenos de Serpiente/farmacología , Animales , Conejos , Serpientes/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Laminar flow through a conduit is equal to the mean velocity times the cross-sectional area of the orifice. Therefore, volume is equal to the time-velocity integral multiplied by the cross-sectional area. In aortic stenosis, flow in the stenotic jet is laminar and the aortic valve area should be equal to the volume of blood ejected through the valve divided by the time-velocity integral of the aortic jet velocity recorded by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. To test whether this concept can be used to accurately determine aortic valve area noninvasively by the Doppler method, 39 patients (age 35 to 82 years, mean 63) underwent pulsed Doppler combined with two-dimensional echocardiography for measurement of stroke volume at the aortic, pulmonic, and mitral anulus as well as continuous-wave Doppler recording of the aortic jet. Aortic valve area determined at cardiac catheterization by the Gorlin equation ranged between 0.4 and 2.07 cm2 (mean 0.89 +/- 0.45). Doppler-derived valve area, determined with the stroke volume value from either the aortic, pulmonic, or mitral anulus, correlated well with the area determined at cardiac catheterization (r = .95, .97, and .96, respectively). A simplified method for measuring aortic valve area derived as the cross-sectional area of the aortic anulus times peak velocity just proximal to the aortic valve divided by peak aortic jet velocity correlated well with measurements obtained at cardiac catheterization (r = .94). An excellent separation between critical and noncritical aortic stenosis was seen using either one of the Doppler methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)