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Anaerobic digestion is a system that can have a high environmental impact through the use of different wastes to obtain biogas and its consequent use for the generation of renewable energy. The objective of this study was to implement a polyethylene biodigester, using polystyrene for thermal insulation in a dog kennel, using canine feces collected in the same place during a period of 5 months to obtain biogas and energy. The results indicated that biogas production started on day 30 and stopped during the winter period with low temperatures; therefore, from day 54 onwards, equine manure was added to continue producing biogas. Although biogas was obtained, the biodigester did not function optimally, due to the fact that the materials used in its construction did not provide efficient insulation from the low external temperatures; the low C/N ratio of the canine feces, which led to a reduction in the processing of the methanogenic bacteria; and the low amount of feces collected for use. In general, the use of a biodigester can provide a tool for the biological processing and management of organic waste, yielding a cumulative source of renewable energy and ensuring environmental safety.
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Resumen Los géneros Leptomea y Smicridea pertenecen a la familia Hidropsychidae y constituyen uno de los grupos más importantes en la dinámica de nutrientes en los ecosistemas acuáticos tropicales, cuya diversidad de microhabitats es aprovechada por las larvas de estos géneros. Sin embargo, se dispone de escasa información que describa y compare las piezas bucales entre ambos géneros y su posible relación con la dieta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la morfología de las piezas bucales y los hábitos alimentarios de ambos géneros en la cuenca media del río Gaira (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Las muestras se recolectaron mensualmente con una red Surber entre octubre y diciembre 2014 y mayo 2015. Se utilizó el Software Zen Blue© para las estimaciones morfométricas de las piezas cefálicas, utilizando 15 larvas por género. Las medidas se tomaron sobre fotografías obtenidas de una cámara AxioCam ERc5s ajustada a un estereoscopio Nikon SMZ 745T. Para la descripción detallada de las piezas cefálicas, se usó un microscopio-estereoscopio Leica M205A. Se evaluaron los hábitos alimentarios de 15 individuos en total, mediante el análisis de contenido estomacal.Se aplicó un análisis discriminante de Hotelling a las medidas morfométricas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el área de la cabeza (AC), el ancho de la cabeza (ANC3), largo de la cabeza (LC2) y largo de la mandíbula izquierda (LMI1). En la descripción morfológica se hallaron diferencias en: cabeza, labrum y submentón. Mediante el análisis del contenido estomacal se realizaron los perfiles dietarios para ambos géneros y se detectó que los ítems con mayor porcentaje para Leptonema fueron MOPG (38 %) y MOPF (32 %) y para Smicridea, MOPF (38 %) y MOPG (34 %), con diferencias significativas (F= 8.8298, p<0.05). Este estudio indica que los individuos evaluados consumen una amplia variedad de recursos y la diferencia entre la dieta de ambos géneros puede estar relacionada con las diferencias morfológicas detectadas.
Abstract The genera Leptonema and Smicridea belong to the family Hidropsychidae and constitute one of the most important groups in the nutrient dynamics in the tropical aquatic ecosystems, which diversity of microhabitats is exploited by their larvae. However, there is lack of information concerning the detailed and comparative descriptions of mouthparts between these two genera, and their possible relation with their diet. The aim of this paper was to describe the morphology of the mouthparts and the feeding habits of both genera, in the middle basin of the Gaira River (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). The samples were collected on a monthly basis, with a surber net, between October and December of 2014, and May of 2015. A total of 15 larvae per genus were taken and the Blue Zen Software was used to determine the morphometric measurements of the cephalic pieces. Measurements were taken on photographs obtained from an AxioCam ERc5s camera adapted to a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope. To describe the mouthparts a M205A microscope-stereoscope Leica was used. The dietary habits of 15 individuals in total were evaluated by means of the analysis of stomach contents. A discriminant analysis of Hotelling was applied to the morphometric measurements. There were significant differences in head area (HA), head width (HW3), head length (HL2) and left mandible length (LML). In the morphological descriptions were found differences in: head, labrum and submentum. Dietaries profiles were performed to the stomach contents for both genera and the items with highest percentage for Leptonema was MOPG and MOPF with 38 % and 32 %, respectively, and for Smicridea MOPF (38 %) and MOPG (34 %) with significant differences (F = 8.8298, p < 0.05). This study indicated that the evaluated individuals consume a wide variety of resources and the difference of the diet of both genera can be related to the detected morphological differences.
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Morphological and behavioral aspects of insects allow their grouping in trophic guilds and represent their dependence on food resources. We determined the feeding habits of immature organisms of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) from the middle reaches of Gaira stream (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia), using gut content analysis. We identified 13 EPT genera, but only ten were analyzed for a total of 100 organisms. We describe six food items: animal parts (AP), vascular plant tissue (VPT), microalgae (M), fungi (F), coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). Baetodes was determined to be a collector-scraper, since FPOM represented 46.6% of food content, followed by F (38.4%). Chimarra, Leptohyphes, Lachlania, and Thraulodes were categorized as collectors with average proportions of FPOM 86.8%, 93.1%, 93.1% and 93.7%, respectively. Phylloicus, Smicridea and Leptonema were main consumers of VPT and CPOM with proportions of 76.3%, 54.6%, and 62.4%, respectively; while ratios of FPOM were 22.3%, 38.8%, and 32.9%, respectively. While all are detritivores, Phylloicus is functionally classified as shredders and Smicridea and Leptonema as collectors. Atopsyche and Anacroneuria were the only taxa in which AP were observed in high proportions, 57.9% and 58.2%, respectively, for that reason they were classified as predators. The organisms examined consume a wide variability of resources.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Insectos/clasificación , Insectos/fisiología , Animales , Colombia , RíosRESUMEN
Feeding habits of immature individuals of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera from middle reaches of a tropical mountain stream. Morphological and behavioral aspects of insects allow their grouping in trophic guilds and represent their dependence on food resources. We determined the feeding habits of immature organisms of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) from the middle reaches of Gaira stream (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia), using gut content analysis. We identified 13 EPT genera, but only ten were analyzed for a total of 100 organisms. We describe six food items: animal parts (AP), vascular plant tissue (VPT), microalgae (M), fungi (F), coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). Baetodes was determined to be a collector-scraper, since FPOM represented 46.6% of food content, followed by F (38.4%). Chimarra, Leptohyphes, Lachlania, and Thraulodes were categorized as collectors with average proportions of FPOM 86.8%, 93.1%, 93.1% and 93.7%, respectively. Phylloicus, Smicridea and Leptonema were main consumers of VPT and CPOM with proportions of 76.3%, 54.6%, and 62.4%, respectively; while ratios of FPOM were 22.3%, 38.8%, and 32.9%, respectively. While all are detritivores, Phylloicus is functionally classified as shredders and Smicridea and Leptonema as collectors. Atopsyche and Anacroneuria were the only taxa in which AP were observed in high proportions, 57.9% and 58.2%, respectively, for that reason they were classified as predators. The organisms examined consume a wide variability of resources. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 169-178. Epub 2014 April 01.
Los aspectos morfológicos y de comportamiento de insectos permiten agruparlos en gremios, y representar la dependencia de la comunidad lotica hacia recursos alimentarios particulares. Se evaluó los hábitos alimentarios de organismos inmaduros de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera y Trichoptera (EPT) de la parte media del río Gaira (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia), por medio del análisis del contenido estomacal. Se identificaron 13 géneros de EPT, pero solo a diez de éstos se les revisó el contenido estomacal, para un total de 100 organismos analizados. Se describieron seis ítems alimentarios: restos animales (RA), tejido de plantas vasculares (TPV), Microalgas (MA), hongos (HN), materia orgánica particulada gruesa (MOPG) y materia orgánica particulada fina (MOPF). Baetodes se registró como Recolector-Raspador, ya que su principal ítem alimentario fue MOPF (46.6%) seguido de HN (38.4%). Chimarra, Leptohyphes, Thraulodes y Lachlania, se categorizaron como Recolectores con proporciones promedio de 86.8%, 93.1%, 93.1% y 93.7% de MOPF, respectivamente. En los géneros Phylloicus, Leptonema y Smicridea se observó principalmente TPV y MOPG con 76.3%, 54,6% y 62.4% junto con proporciones de MOPF de 22.3%, 38.8% y 32.9%, respectivamente. Categorizado como Detritívoro, Phylloicus es funcionalmente clasificado como Fragmentador y Leptonema y Smicridea como Recolectores. Los géneros Anacroneuria y Atopsyche fueron clasificados como Depredadores y fueron los únicos taxones en los que se observó RA en altas proporciones (57.9% y 58.2%). Nuestro estudio sugiere que los organismos examinados ingieren una amplia variabilidad de recursos.
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Animales , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Insectos/clasificación , Insectos/fisiología , Colombia , RíosRESUMEN
En el artículo centro mi atención en imaginarios construidos por hijos e hijasjóvenes alrededor de tres aspectos del proceso migratorio internacional paterno y/o materno:1. Consulta, preparación y apreciaciones frente a la participación de hijos e hijas en decisionesmigratorias; 2. Consistencia entre los imaginarios del padre y/o madre (lo dicho) y los construidospor sus hijos e hijas (procesados y re-validados); y 3. Deseos frente a un ejercicio migratorio eficazdesde la perspectiva de hijos e hijas, luego de vivir, en su mayoría, una década migratoria.Estudio de corte cualitativo con enfoque hermenéutico. La información fue recabada medianteentrevistas a 16 jóvenes de los municipios de Anserma, Manizales y Villa María-Caldas-, cuyo padrey/o madre residen en el exterior
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Padre , Emigración e Inmigración , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Cardiac fibroblasts are the major non-myocyte cell constituent in the myocardium, and they are involved in heart remodeling. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) mediates the established actions of angiotensin II (Ang II), and changes in its expression have been reported in cardiac fibroblasts after myocardial infarction. However, the AT1R-dependent signaling pathways involved in cardiac fibroblast death remain unknown. Using adenovirus, we ectopically expressed AT1R in cultured neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts and investigated the role of the phospholipase (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway on Ang II-dependent death. Ang II induced cardiac fibroblast death characterized by an early loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation. All these effects were prevented by the AT1R antagonist losartan, PLC inhibitor U73122, and PKC inhibitor Gö6976. We conclude that Ang II stimulates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in cultured cardiac fibroblasts by the AT1R/PLC/PKC signaling pathway.