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Professionally significant functions (visual acuity, color vision and its parameters, and dark adaptation and its parameters) were determined in moderate and severe myopia before and after its excimer laser correction by the LASIK method: in early (1, 3 months) and late (6, 12 months) periods after surgery to decide where the operated persons are allowed to have the jobs associated with railway traffic safety. Sixty-one patients with moderate and severe myopia and 23 control individuals were examined at the Moscow Research and Technological Complex "Eye Surgery". The examinations have demonstrated that the values of visual acuity, color vision, and dark adaptation considerably improved. Whether the persons undergone excimer laser myopia correction are allowed to have the jobs associated with railway transport safety should be individually decided, by taking into account the postoperative recovery of professionally significant visual functions.

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The minimum angular size of a color stimulus required for its discrimination has been ascertained to be a quantitative criterion for evaluating the form and degree of congenital chromatic visual diseases. Unlike individuals with normal color perception who distinguish all basic and intermediate colors despite their saturation, anomalous trichromats discriminate more saturated colors with larger angular sizes of stimuli than those with normal color perception. Mild and moderate anomalous trichromats do not discriminate lowly saturated colors or for this they require the angular sizes tens of times greater those for normal trichromats. Persons with severe chromatic visual diseases (Type A) do not distinguish moderately saturated colors either. On recognizing the color of test objects, anomalous trichomats make the most mistakes in perceiving the green and yellow colors, the fewest mistakes in perceiving the red color. The minimum angular sizes required to distinguish colors, the percent of errors in their discrimination, and the range of vision of safety signs depend on the form and degree of congenital chromatic diseases. This makes it necessary to apply a differential approach to providing jobs that require rapid and accurate color discrimination in persons with the protanomalous forms of chromatic pathology.

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While working with displays, a combination of white and yellow objects against the black, dark grey, and blue backgrounds was found to be the best in visibility. When the objects were observed against the pale grey and green backgrounds of a display, eye functional changes were minimal, which causes the authors to recommend them as the optimum backgrounds. To reduce visual fatigability when a person works on a computer requires to alternate backgrounds by using white and yellow objects against the black and blue backgrounds for short-term emergency transmissions and green and pale grey backgrounds for presenting continuous current information.

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Long exposure to small radio activity doses have no impact on the acuity of photopic and mesopic vision, on the resistance of eyes to glare, and on the rapidity of color differentiation, which remain to be at the high level that meets medical requirements for the professional abilities of locomotive workers.

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Solar flashes of 1500 to 9000 kd/m2 have been ascertained to have an adverse impact on the functional status of a visual analyzer. Comparing Russian and foreign sun-proof filters has indicated that a HC-9 neutral light-proof filter and a NIIOOIK film have the optimum light-protective properties, which may be recommended for use in the sun-proof glasses for locomotive workers.

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Experience in ensuring safe traffic at the All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Hygiene is summarized. Various aspects of this line of activities, such as medicopsychological professional selection, medical examination of engine-drivers, training how to behave in emergency, etc., are considered. Some new medical problems in ensuring safe traffic are presented.

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The medically preventive aspects of driving safety for engine drivers without an assistant are considered in the paper. It shows it necessary to solve the problem of preventing the fatigue of the visual and acoustic analyzers in the drivers in the research setting and to optimize the control desk and the driver's whole cab.

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The values 100 to 200 lux are the most favourable levels of illumination for differentiation of red and green luminous objects. The 500-1000-lux illumination causes a considerable reduction in the visual range of red and green objects. Comparative assessment of the colour of materials used for a control desk has indicated that the colours in the mid-wave range are the best in differentiating red and green objects.

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The authors assessed occupationally significant visual functions in anisometropy varying in type and degree. Disorders of occupationally significant visual functions depend reliably on anisometropy degree. Correction of anisometropy with recovered vision and binocular functions restores all parameters of night and color vision. Optic and operative correction of anisometropy could be used for rehabilitation of railway machine operators with long length of service. The article provides recommendations to use intraocular lenses for artiphakia in railway machine operators.

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Professionally significant visual functions were examined in members of locomotive teams living and working in zones of radioactive pollution. Exposure to low-dose radiation was found to have an adverse effect on the status of visual analyzer, the degree of impairment being related to the level of radioactivity and age of the patient.

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The authors elaborated an effective method to master color vision through pigment tables. The method enables subnormal trichromats to normalize or improve colors perception and relieve existing disorders. The training course for deuteranomalopia "C" patients should comprise 8-10 procedures, that for deuteranomalopia "B" and protanopia "C" patients-11-13 procedures, that for protanopia B" patients--under 20 procedures. The effects remain at least 1 year after the course.

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The authors studied occupationally significant visual functions (vision, parameters of color and photopic vision) in patients who faced refraction surgeries correcting myopia or hypermetropia. Preoperative studies and examinations in 0.5 and 1.0-1.5 years after surgeries helped to define the period optimal for restoration and stabilization of the functions. Therefore, occupational rehabilitation is designed for those railway safety workers who faced such surgeries.

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