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This paper introduces a new method to describe and analyse multidimensional time series based on wavelets. The methodology considers the time series as observations of a functional random variable. The paper generalizes previous research on stock market networks by including asset returns and volume trading as the main variables to study the financial market. The methodology is applied to examine the dynamics and structure of the Nasdaq-100 stock market during the pandemic period 2019/12-2021/12 considering both asset returns and volume trading to model the behaviour of different assets that are part of the index, applying an algorithm that offers better performance than others applied in the clustering literature. The study detects four clusters of firms corresponding with companies sharing common economic activities. The structure of the network reveals a nonlinear relationship between the variables, and the study shows that the main macroeconomic events during the period affect each cluster with different intensity. The change in the patterns of returns and risks and the redistribution of wealth in a highly changing environment are emerging phenomena, which must necessarily be carefully analyzed by public policies, in order to avoid the appearance of bubbles and systemic shocks.

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Twinning is rare among humans, but there is much variability among populations. Several studies show that certain demographic and socioeconomic factors, such as maternal age, mother's educational level and income, influence twinning rate. There is no background of analytical studies of twins in Uruguay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has focused on describing and analyzing Uruguayan twinning rates over a period of 17 years (1999-2015). The birth data were collected from the website of Uruguay's Ministry of Public Health. Economic data were obtained from Uruguay's Instituto Nacional de Estadísti's website for the period 2001-2013, since these variables are defined specifically for that period of time. The statistical software R (The R Project for Statistical Computing) was used. The twinning rate varied from 8.51 to 13 in the studied period. Montevideo has the highest median and the smallest variability in comparison with the other departments. In Uruguay (1999-2015), the highest twinning rate (28.94%) was observed in women aged 45 and older. The analysis also showed a relationship between twin birth rates and the mother's educational level. In three regions of the country (West, Center and East), twin births show a random pattern but in the other two (North and Metropolitan), there is an increasing trend in the number of twins over time. In conclusion, this study recognizes social, economic and demographic factors that influence in the rate of twin births in Uruguay.

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Introducción: el elastofibroma subescapular es un tumor relativamente raro de tejidos blandos. Se trata de una lesión no encapsulada y con contenido variable de colágeno, grasa y fibras elásticas. Su incidencia es variable e infrecuente. En general, es infradiagnosticado y tiene un impacto incierto, dado que debe realizarse diagnóstico diferencial con tumores subcutáneos como lipomas, fibrolipomas, formaciones quísticas o tumores más agresivos. Objetivo: poner de manifiesto la importancia del diagnóstico de estos tumores y su resección. Material y método: revisión de la bibliografía y de historias clínicas de pacientes operados de tumores de dorso. Resultados: en el período enero 2011-marzo 2012 se evaluaron 4 pacientes que consultaron por tumores en región subescapular; 3 hombres y una mujer, con una edad media de 53 años (rango, 45-64). En 3 de los casos, no tenían bilateralidad. Se estudiaron mediante exploración física, junto a la ecografía y TAC torácica, con presencia de lesión subescapular sin invasión costal o pulmonar. En todos los casos, las intervenciones se realizaron con anestesia general y se efectuó la resección completa. Los pacientes fueron dados de alta entre el 1ro y el 2do día del posoperatorio. No se registró mortalidad ni morbilidad. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue elastofibroma de dorso en 3 de los casos y sarcoma en el caso restante. Conclusiones: si bien se lo considera un tumor infrecuente, generalmente esto se debe a que es una patología infradiagnosticada. Se debe realizar diagnóstico diferencias con neoplasias mesenquimales tipo liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, histiocitoma fibroso maligno o metástasis. Es por eso que el tratamiento debe ser quirúrgico dado que el diagnóstico definitivo se realiza solo con la exéresis completa de la tumoración y la malignidad no puede descartarse a menos que sea extirpado. (AU)

Introduction: The subscapular elastofibroma is a relatively rare soft-tissue tumor. It is a non-encapsulated injury with variable content of collagen, fat and elastic fibers. It has a variable and infrequent incidence. Generally, it is underdiagnosed and has an uncertain impact since differential diagnosis must be made with subcutaneous tumors such as lipomas, fibrolipomas, cystic formations or more aggressive tumors.Objective: To show the importance of diagnosing these tumors and of their resection. Material and methods: Revision of references and the medical records of patients operated of dorsi tumors. Results: Between January 2011 and March 2012, 4 patients who consulted due to tumors in the subscapular region were assessed; they were 3 men and a woman, with an average age of 53 years old (range 45-64). In 3 of the cases, there were no symptoms; only one patient declared having suffered pain. One case presented bilaterality. The patients were studied by means of physical examination, together with the ultrasound and thoracic CT scans, showing subscapular injury without costal or lung invasion. In all cases, the patients were operated with general anesthesia and complete resection was carried out. Patients were released between the 1st and 2nd day of the postoperative period. Neither mortality nor morbidity were registered. The anatomopathological analysis provided 3 cases of elastofibroma dorsi and 1 case of sarcoma.Conclusions: Although it is considered an infrequent tumor, generally, that is due to the fact that it is an underdiagnosed pathology. Differential diagnosis must be made with mesenchymal neoplasms of the type of liposarcoma, malign fibrous histiocytoma or metastasis; therefore, treatment must be surgical since the definitive diagnosis is made only with the complete extirpation of the tumor and malignity cannot be ruled out unless the extirpation has been performed. (AU)

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Introducción: el elastofibroma subescapular es un tumor relativamente raro de tejidos blandos. Se trata de una lesión no encapsulada y con contenido variable de colágeno, grasa y fibras elásticas. Su incidencia es variable e infrecuente. En general, es infradiagnosticado y tiene un impacto incierto, dado que debe realizarse diagnóstico diferencial con tumores subcutáneos como lipomas, fibrolipomas, formaciones quísticas o tumores más agresivos. Objetivo: poner de manifiesto la importancia del diagnóstico de estos tumores y su resección. Material y método: revisión de la bibliografía y de historias clínicas de pacientes operados de tumores de dorso. Resultados: en el período enero 2011-marzo 2012 se evaluaron 4 pacientes que consultaron por tumores en región subescapular; 3 hombres y una mujer, con una edad media de 53 años (rango, 45-64). En 3 de los casos, no tenían bilateralidad. Se estudiaron mediante exploración física, junto a la ecografía y TAC torácica, con presencia de lesión subescapular sin invasión costal o pulmonar. En todos los casos, las intervenciones se realizaron con anestesia general y se efectuó la resección completa. Los pacientes fueron dados de alta entre el 1ro y el 2do día del posoperatorio. No se registró mortalidad ni morbilidad. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue elastofibroma de dorso en 3 de los casos y sarcoma en el caso restante. Conclusiones: si bien se lo considera un tumor infrecuente, generalmente esto se debe a que es una patología infradiagnosticada. Se debe realizar diagnóstico diferencias con neoplasias mesenquimales tipo liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, histiocitoma fibroso maligno o metástasis. Es por eso que el tratamiento debe ser quirúrgico dado que el diagnóstico definitivo se realiza solo con la exéresis completa de la tumoración y la malignidad no puede descartarse a menos que sea extirpado.

Introduction: The subscapular elastofibroma is a relatively rare soft-tissue tumor. It is a non-encapsulated injury with variable content of collagen, fat and elastic fibers. It has a variable and infrequent incidence. Generally, it is underdiagnosed and has an uncertain impact since differential diagnosis must be made with subcutaneous tumors such as lipomas, fibrolipomas, cystic formations or more aggressive tumors.Objective: To show the importance of diagnosing these tumors and of their resection. Material and methods: Revision of references and the medical records of patients operated of dorsi tumors. Results: Between January 2011 and March 2012, 4 patients who consulted due to tumors in the subscapular region were assessed; they were 3 men and a woman, with an average age of 53 years old (range 45-64). In 3 of the cases, there were no symptoms; only one patient declared having suffered pain. One case presented bilaterality. The patients were studied by means of physical examination, together with the ultrasound and thoracic CT scans, showing subscapular injury without costal or lung invasion. In all cases, the patients were operated with general anesthesia and complete resection was carried out. Patients were released between the 1st and 2nd day of the postoperative period. Neither mortality nor morbidity were registered. The anatomopathological analysis provided 3 cases of elastofibroma dorsi and 1 case of sarcoma.Conclusions: Although it is considered an infrequent tumor, generally, that is due to the fact that it is an underdiagnosed pathology. Differential diagnosis must be made with mesenchymal neoplasms of the type of liposarcoma, malign fibrous histiocytoma or metastasis; therefore, treatment must be surgical since the definitive diagnosis is made only with the complete extirpation of the tumor and malignity cannot be ruled out unless the extirpation has been performed.

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FGF21 is a novel member of the FGFs family, is mainly expressed in liver and it functions as a potent activator of glucose uptake on adipocytes. When over expressed in transgenic mice, it protects animals from diet-induced obesity and its administration to diabetic rodents and monkeys lowers blood glucose and triglyceride levels. Recently, increased levels of FGF21 have been identified as an independent risk factor related with metabolic syndrome. A review of the relevant roles of FGF21 in metabolism is presented here.

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La neumonia nosocomial es reconocida como un problema primordial en el cuidado de enfermos crìticos.

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