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The high incidence of nutritional deficiency in cystic fibrosis continues to be an urgent problem in pediatrics. This is due to the multifactorial nature of these violations, one of which is the lack of effectiveness of nutritional correction. The aim of the research was to assess the actual diet of children and adolescents suffering from cystic fibrosis in order to develop an algorithm for individual approaches to correcting nutritional status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 150 children (boys - 85, girls - 65) aged 1 year to 18 years (average age 6.4±5.2 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis have been examined. Depending on age, the children were divided into groups: the 1st group consisted of 40 children from 1 year to 2 years (average age 1.9±0.7 years); 2nd group - from 3 to 5 years (n=41, 4.4±1.0 years); 3rd group - from 6 to 9 years (n=43, 7.7±1.1 years); 4th group - from 10 to 18 years old (n=26, 13.1±2.5). The actual nutrition was evaluated by questionnaire for 3 days, including one day off. Body mass, height have been measured, and body mass index (BMI) have been calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Only children of the first three years of life had an optimal diet for this disease in terms of energy value. At the age of 3 years and older, the deficit of energy intake increased, reaching 32% of the individual requirement in adolescence (10-18 years). The structure of nutrition revealed an imbalance of the main nutrients in the direction of the predominance of the lipid component (more than 40% of the energy value) and increased intake of saturated fatty acids, with a reduced proportion of protein and carbohydrates. There was a lack of dietary intake of a number of vitamins (C, B1, B2, A, E, D) and mineral substances (iron, potassium). CONCLUSION: The study showed the need for an individual approach to the correction of diet energy value and macronutrient intake in children with cystic fibrosis.

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UNLABELLED: We present the experience of using the ketogenic diet (KD) in the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in a patient with glucose transporter deficiency syndrome type I (GLUT1). We observed a nine-year-old boy with refractory epilepsy with frequent multiple myoclonic seizures due to GLUT1. The high effectiveness of KD in the treatment of GLUT1 was demonstrated. By the 10th day from the beginning of KD, a complete relief of epileptic seizures and EEG abnormalities was achieved. After 3 months, we noticed positive signs in cognitive and speech development of the child. Antiepileptic drugs were withdrawn due to the stable remission. Subsequently there was a further positive dynamics in intelligence, psycho-emotional sphere; the child began attending a special school. By this time the patient continued the diet for 1 year and 3 months. A significant improvement in the patient's condition is maintained, observation is being continued. IN CONCLUSION: the ketogenic diet seems to be a highly effective and, perhaps, exclusive method for GLUT1 treatment.

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The article presents our experience of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet usage in fifteen children with primary stage 1-3 constitutional obesity. Criteria for assessment were dynamic changes of weight, serum lipid profile, changes in percentage of body fat content according to "total body" densitometry data, changes in indices of insulin resistance. The obtained data support that this type of diet is well tolerated by children; it normalizes cholesterol, triglyceride, and beta-lipoprotein serum values; reduces indices of insulin resistance while effective weight and appetite loss.

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Ketogenic diet (KD) is one of the most effective methods of epilepsy non-drug therapy. Ten patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, aged 1.5-18 years, were treated with individually matched and strictly controlled KD with high fat content and restricted amount of proteins and carbohydrates. After 1 year, only 4 patients kept the diet. Factors of efficacy, causes of withdrawal and side effects of KD are discussed.

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We researched and analyzed how widespread regurgitation is among breast-fed and bottle-fed infants and the influence of regurgitation on their health later in life(up to age 3). We observed 146 infants. Sixty-eight percent regurgitated from 2 to 7 times a day. The highest regurgitation frequency was noted during the first three months of life. Regurgitation frequency then decreased. However it increased again at 4.5 to 5 months, about the time that solid foods were being added. We found that regurgitation frequency was higher in bottle-fed infants than in those who were breast-fed. After following these infants into their second and third years, we found that 5% of those 2-3-year olds who regurgitated as infants had gastro-intestinal disorders.

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Some health and development indicators were comparably analyzed at 218 children at age up to 3 years depending on the mode of feeding during first 12 month. The research was made at two stages. The first stage was done from 1990 till 1994. This period was characterized by so call traditional approach of the feeding system. The second one took place from 1995 till 1999. This period was characterized by new approach implementation such as free breast feeding, availability of modem infant formulas (adapted breast milk substitutes), changes at feeding system resulted to postponed because starting. The result of our research stated, that new approaches implementation at first year feeding system leaded to significant decreasing of the rate of the nutritional-depended diseases during the first year. Rates of incidence of acute-respiratory diseases, food allergy, functional stomach and gut-intestinal disorders low morphological indicators were depended on the way of feeding during the first 12 month. The differences hold on up to the end of the 3-d year. The results of research stated, that optimal health and development indicators were at breast feeding infants. Positive breast feeding long term influence depended of its duration, which must be at least for 6 month.

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Our study was aimed to investigate in comparable conditions the composition of intestinal microflora of healthy infants who were given 9 types of fermented milk products. There were observed 103 practically healthy infants aged from 4 month to 1,5 years old. The obtained data have shown that studied products improve intestinal microflora in infants. Significant increase of bifidobacteria in infants intestines was promoted by fermented milk products containing alive bifidobacteria with rather high acidity. The most of products which contain bifidobacteria decreased the level of hemolisinproducing Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive staphylococcus. The products which not contain bifidobacteria decreased the level of Candida albicans and protei.

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Selenium status was studied in 70 healthy children under 1 year of age being on breastfeeding or bottle feeding. Selenium status was determined by analysis of selenium in baby's hairs and nails. Selenium was also analyzed in breast milk in course of the lactation and in breast milk substitutes. The selenium status was better in breastfed children than in bottle fed ones. The most high level of selenium was found in breast milk in first month of lactation. Selenium status of bottle fed children was depended on selenium level in milk substitutes. It is necessary further investigations on selenium status of children under 1 year age to elaborate and suggest the standard level of selenium contents in milk substitutes.

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On the basis of the clinicophysiological and biochemical-hematologic investigations it was established that the feeding of infants with the adapted mixture "Malysh" did not prevent the development of latent iron deficiency in them. This was the reason for the enrichment of the mixture with hemopoietic substances. Five formulas of the mixture with varying compositions of hemopoietic factors enabled the authors to establish the optimum variant of the ratio of these ingredients in the adapted milk mixture. The use of the adapted mixtures enriched with hemopoietic substances promotes the prevention of iron deficiency that is confirmed by the increase of the hemoglobin stock and iron reserves in the child's body. The levels of blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin serve as informative values evidencing the effectiveness of using food enriched with hemopoietic factors.

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The efficacy of utilization of the protein compound from Ladushka, a new formula mixture, was studied in infants of the first 6 months of life, starting from the neonatal period. The protein component of the mixture consisted of casein and decalcified whey proteins (1:1). Calcium content comprised 400 mg/l, and its ratio with phosphorus approached the values recommended for formula feeding. The mass volumes of accessible lysine and cystine, despite additional enrichment of the mixture with these amino acids, were considerably reduced versus the expected values, that may be explained by insufficiently sparing technology of preparation.

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