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Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the histopathological and genetic changes in the submandibular glands after duct ligation and provide important clues to functional regeneration. Design: We established a rat salivary gland duct ligation model and observed pathological changes in the rat submandibular gland on day 1 and weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff staining, Masson staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and immunohistochemical staining. RNA sequencing was performed on normal salivary glands and those from the ligation model after 1 week. Significantly differentially expressed genes were selected, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. Results: Apoptosis levels and histological and functional KEGG pathway analyses showed that injury to the salivary gland after ligation gradually increased. The TGF-ß pathway was activated and promoted fibrosis. RNA sequencing results and further verification of samples at week 1 showed that the NF-κB pathway plays a vital role in salivary gland atrophy. Conclusions: Our results detailed the pathological changes in the submandibular gland after ligation and the important functions of the NF-κB pathway.

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Many tissues and organ systems have intrinsic regeneration capabilities that are largely driven and maintained by tissue-resident stem cell populations. In recent years, growing evidence has demonstrated that cellular metabolic homeostasis plays a central role in mediating stem cell fate, tissue regeneration, and homeostasis. Thus, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that regulate metabolic homeostasis in stem cells may contribute to our knowledge on how tissue homeostasis is maintained and provide novel insights for disease management. In this review, we summarize the known relationship between the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and molecular pathways in stem cells. We also discuss potential targets of metabolic homeostasis in disease therapy and describe the current limitations and future directions in the development of these novel therapeutic targets.

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Objective:To master the epidemic status and characteristics of skeletal fluorosis in the coal-burning-borne fluorosis affected areas of Chongqing, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating accurate prevention and control strategy for elimination of coal-burning-borne fluorosis.Methods:Stratified sampling method was used to select the villages with mild, moderate and severe coal-burning-borne fluorosis in Wushan and Pengshui, respectively in January-November 2018. The number of villages surveyed in each area was determined by the proportion of 5% to 10% of the actual number of the diseased villages. To investigate the resident population, all the adults over 25 years old in the village were examined for skeletal fluorosis through clinical and X-ray examination, and were diagnosed according to the "Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis" (WS 192-2008). The prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in different disease areas, different sexes, different ages (25 -, 35 -, 45 -, 55 -, ≥65 years old) were compared and analyzed. The number of cases of skeletal fluorosis in Chongqing was calculated according to the 2015 population survey data.Results:A total of 7 768 adults over 25 years old were investigated in 15 villages of 10 townships in 2 counties, and 478 people were diagnosed clinically as skeletal fluorosis, and the clinical detection rate was 6.15%. There were differences in the clinical diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis among different disease areas (χ 2 = 183.23, P < 0.01). There were significant differences among different age groups (χ 2 = 406.73, P < 0.01). But no difference was found among different sex groups (χ 2 = 0.32, P > 0.05). A total of 690 people were diagnosed as skeletal fluorisis by X-ray, the X-ray detection rate was 8.88%, and moderate and severe skeletal fluorosis detection rate was 4.20% (326/7 768). The X-ray diagnosis rates of skeletal fluorosis were different among different disease areas (χ 2 = 46.25, P < 0.01) and different age groups (χ 2 = 384.60, P < 0.01). There was no difference between different sexes groups(χ 2 = 1.77, P > 0.05). According to the different disense in Chongqing, there were about 48 770 cases of skeletal fluorosis diagnosed clinically and 72 630 cases diagnosed by X-ray. Conclusions:The more serious the disease area is, and the older the people's age is, the higher the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis will be. In the future, it is of great important to investigate the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in coal-burning-borne fluorosis areas in Chongqing.

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Objective:Through literature search,this paper aims to understand the current situation of social trust mechanism and the research progress of trust evaluation methods,and thus to provide theoretical reference for further researches.Methods:Using the literature search method,this paper sorted out,analyzed and concluded the domestic and foreign literatures and information about social trust mechanism and trust evaluation.Results:The domestic research on social trust mechanism could be mainly divided into two parts,while the foreign research path was different and mainly related to the field of electronic commerce,government departments,medical behavior,and so on.Evaluation methods in doctor-patient trust mainly included trust scale evaluation and trust model.Conclusion:There is a certain development of the domestic researches on social trust mechanism and evaluation,but still need further improvement.The limitation of doctor-patient trust evaluation is prominent and efforts should be made to research on the improvement measures of medical social trust mechanism.

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Ultrasound degradation of humic acid has been investigated in the presence of persulfate anions at ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz. The effects of persulfate anion concentration, ultrasonic power input, humic acid concentration, reaction time, solution pH and temperature on humic acid removal efficiency were studied. It is found that up to 90% humic acid removal efficiency was achieved after 2 h reaction. In this system, sulfate radicals (SO4⁻·) were considered to be the mainly oxidant to mineralize humic acid while persulfate anion can hardly react with humic acid directly. A novel kinetic model based on sulfate radicals (SO4⁻·) oxidation was established to describe the humic acid mineralization process mathematically and chemically in sono-activated persulfate system. According to the new model, ultrasound power, persulfate dosage, solution pH and reaction temperature have great influence on humic acid degradation. Different initial concentration of persulfate anions and humic acid, ultrasonic power, initial pH and reaction temperature have been discussed to valid the effectiveness of the model, and the simulated data showed new model had good agreement with the experiments data.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating disorder that affects movement. Inflammation-mediated endothelial dysfunction has been found to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. More than 40 PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mutations have been found in PD patients. The effects of PINK1 in vascular inflammation are as yet unknown. In this study, our findings revealed that PINK1 can be increased by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). We found that wild-type PINK1 prevents expression of the adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), thus inhibiting the attachment of monocytes to brain endothelial cells. However, PINK1G309D, the loss-of-function mutation associated with early-onset familial PD, promotes expression of VCAM-1 and exacerbates attachment of monocytes to brain endothelial cells. Mechanism studies revealed that overexpression of wild-type PINK1 inhibits the VCAM-1 promoter by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). However, PINK1G309D promotes the VCAM-1 promoter by increasing the transcriptional activity of IRF-1.

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