RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of scopolamine administered transdermally before laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a means of reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: A tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: A volunteer sample of 125 men and women between 20 and 60 years of age scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Expectant or nursing mothers were excluded, and 35 patients were excluded from the final analysis because of protocol violations. Forty-three patients received scopolamine and 47 patients received a placebo. INTERVENTION: A skin patch (scopolamine or placebo) was applied behind the right ear on the evening before operation and maintained for at least 24 hours postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The postoperative level of nausea assessed by the patient on a visual analogue scale, the frequency of vomiting and the frequency of antiemetic use. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the level of nausea or in the frequency of emesis or use of antiemetics in the first 24 hours postoperatively between the control and study groups. Furthermore, there was no difference in the overall frequency of side effects. However, visual blurring was experienced by six patients in the study group compared with one in the control group (p = 0.082). CONCLUSION: Scopolamine administered transdermally before laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not reduce the frequency or level of nausea and vomiting postoperatively.
Asunto(s)
Colecistectomía Laparoscópica/efectos adversos , Náusea/prevención & control , Premedicación , Escopolamina/administración & dosificación , Vómitos/prevención & control , Administración Cutánea , Adulto , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Náusea/etiología , Vómitos/etiologíaRESUMEN
The effects of four herbicides, namely bromacil, diuron, nitrofen, and alachlor, at 0.04 and 0.02% concentrations in vitro and nitrofen and alachlor at two concentrations under field conditions, were studied against root rot of French beans, caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Diuron at 0.04% concentration completely checked the growth of R. solani in in vitro incubation up to 72 hours. Alachlor was highly effective at both the concentrations, followed by nitrofen and bromacil. In field trials in 1977 and 1978, pre-inoculation application of both the herbicides was less effective than post-inoculation application. Pre-emergence mortality, following post-inoculation application of nitrofen and alachlor, varied in the two trials from 5.7 to 11.4% and 5.3 to 7.6%. respectively, as compared to 16.6 to 19.3% in untreated plots. Post-emergence mortality in post-inoculation application of nitrofen and alachlor varied from 3.9 to 9.5 and 5.3 to 12.2, respectively, whereas in untreated plots it was 13.8 to 21.9%. Yield of green pods was also significantly higher in post-inoculation application than in untreated control.