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Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that delays the healing process, including the interruption of the processes of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The etiology of most angiogenic-related diseases, such as diabetes complications, includes the presence of hypoxia caused by declined vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) and CD-31. d-limonene, one of the main constituents of Citrus limon, is considered to have angiogenic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the exact mechanism of this process remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the potential of C. limon as a medication for diabetic ulceration. Methods: A total of 30 Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) induced with DM and traumatic ulcers on the lower lip mucosa were divided into six groups-three each for control and treatment groups. Control groups were treated with CMC 5% gel, and treatment groups were administered with C. limon peel essential oil gel. The expression of VEGF and CD-31 was observed on days 5, 7, and 9. Immunohistochemical examinations were performed with the monoclonal antibodies anti-VEGF and anti-CD-31. ANOVA was conducted to analyze the differences between the groups (p < 0.05). Result: An increase in VEGF and CD-31 expression in the treatment group was observed compared with that of the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Citrus limon peel essential oil gel increased VEGF and CD-31 expression during the healing process of traumatic ulcers in diabetes-afflicted Wistar rats.

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OBJECTIVES: The malondialdehyde (MDA) level and TA count represent the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) to malignancy and thus may be used as an indicator of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). This study aimed to determine the MDA level and tissue apoptosis (TA) count in oropharyngeal tissue of Wistar rats exposed to sidestream cigarette smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: T4 group (4-week cigarette smoke exposure), T8 group (8-week cigarette smoke exposure), and control group, which was not exposed to cigarette smoke. The oropharyngeal tissue of the rats from each group was examined histopathologically to count the number of apoptotic cells, and then the blood serum was made to measure the MDA level. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Bonferroni test was performed to see the differences in each group for MDA level. While the data from tissue apoptosis were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test for the significance. All data were considered significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS: The MDA level and TA count increased as the duration of cigarette smoke exposure increased. In the T8 group, the MDA level and TA count were significantly higher compared with the T4 and control groups with a p-value < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke increased the TA count and MDA level in the oropharyngeal tissue of Wistar rats. The TA count and MDA level may be used as markers of OPMD.

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Introduction: Chronic orofacial pain is associated with nerve tissues damage. Pharmacological therapy has limited therapeutic results because it is generally only symptomatic treatment. Neuroregeneration is a process which is needed to repair damaged of nerve tissue through healing or regrowth of nerve tissue. The survival of nerve cells need neurotrophic factors including Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and S100B. High platelet concentrations in Platelet Rich Plasma contain of many trophic factors which play an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration following nerve injury. The aim of the present study is to analyze the increased expression of NGF and S100B following injection of Freeze-Dried Platelet Rich Plasma (FD-PRP) on axonotmesis injury. Methods: Fifty-four male wistar rats aged 3 months randomly divided into 3 groups; negative control group (without nerve injury and without FD-PRP injection), positive control group (nerve injury but without FD-PRP injection) and treatment group (nerve injury and FD-PRP injection). Axonotmesis nerve injury created by clamping the infraorbital nerve for 15 s. Application of FD-PRP by injection technique. Examination of NGF and S100B expression was obtained by immunohistochemistry examination with monoclonal antibodies (anti-NGF and anti-S100B). Samples were taken on the 14th day and 21st day. Results: Treatment group showed significant increase on both NGF and S100B compare to positive control (p = 0,000 and p = 0,000, respectively). Conclusion: FD-PRP injection is effective in inducing neuroregeneration by increasing NGF and S100B expression.

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Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Current studies have showed vitamin B12 to be associated with vitamin D in women, however no study has assessed vitamin B12 associated with vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with RAS. Objective: To investigate the association between serum vitamin B12 and vitamin D/25(OH)D in women with RAS. Materials and Methods: Fourty one women with RAS who meet the inclusion criteria participated in this study. The inclusion criteria were women with RAS without other oral diseases. The exclusions criteria were those who have systemic diseases, taking medications or smoked. All subjects underwent venupuncture to draw blood to quantify serum vitamin B12 and vitamin D/25(OH)D. The characteristic of subjects, severity of RAS, serum Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D were collected and presented descriptively. The correlation between vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D was analyzed using Pearson correlation test with 95% confidence interval. This study was approved by Medical and Health Ethics Committe, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Results: All RAS subjects have normal mean value of serum Vitamin B12 (453.97+154.44pg/ml) and have low mean value of serum vitamin D/25(OH)D (10.79 +3.29ng/ml) categorized as vitamin D deficiency. The Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significant positive correlation between mean serum Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D/25(OH)D (r= 0.313, p<0.05). Conclusion: There is correlation between vitamin B12 and Vitamin D, and a low level of Vitamin D may contribute in RAS in women.

Antecedentes: la deficiencia de vitamina B12 y vitamina D puede contribuir a la estomatitis aftosa recurrente (EAR). Los estudios actuales han demostrado que la vitamina B12 está asociada con la vitamina D en mujeres, sin embargo, ningún estudio ha evaluado la vitamina B12 asociada con la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en mujeres con EAR. Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D / 25 (OH) D sérica en mujeres con RAS. Material y Métodos: Cuarenta y una mujeres con RAS que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión participaron en este estudio. Los criterios de inclusión fueron mujeres con RAS y sin otras enfermedades orales. Los criterios de exclusión fueron aquellos que tenían enfermedades sistémicas, tomaban medicamentos o fumaban. Todos los sujetos se sometieron a una venupuntura para extraer sangre para cuantificar la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en suero. Las características de los sujetos, la severidad del EAR, la concentración de vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D sérica fueron recolectadas y presentadas descriptivamente. La correlación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D se analizó mediante la prueba de correlación de Pearson con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética Médica y de Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Resultado: Todos los sujetos con EAR tienen un valor medio normal de vitamina B12 sérica (453,97pg/ml + 154,44pg/ml) y un valor medio bajo de vitamina D sérica/25 (OH) D (10,79 ng/ml + 3,29ng/ml) clasificado como deficiencia de vitamina D. La prueba de correlación de Pearson mostró que había una correlación positiva significativa entre la vitamina B12 media y la vitamina D/25 (OH) D en suero r=0.313, p<0.05). Conclusión: Existe una correlación entre la vitamina B12 y la vitamina D, y un bajo nivel de vitamina D puede contribuir al RAS en las mujeres.

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Abstract Objective: To investigate the correlation Cluster of Differentiation 4+ (CD4+) counts with a high prevalence of dental caries in Children Living with Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (CLWPHA). Material and Methods: An analytical observational research with a cross-sectional design was conducted at Tertiary General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Randomized total sampling consisted of 29 CLWPHA 1-12 years old at outpatient ward Infectious Disease Intermediate Unit (UPIPI) Tertiary General Hospital Doctor Soetomo Surabaya. Demographic details and recent CD4+ counts obtained from medical records. Decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) in primary teeth and DMFT in permanent teeth index were used. Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation test (p<0.05) were performed Results: Dental caries prevalence was 86.2%; meanwhile, the dmft/DMFT index score found were high (8.2 / 6.3). CD4+ count and caries showed significant correlation (r=-0.394, p<0.05). Tooth brushing frequency with caries showed a significant correlation (r=-0.419, p<0.05). Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and caries showed an insignificant negative correlation (p<0.05) Conclusion: The high prevalence of dental caries in CLWPHA correlated with low CD4+ counts.

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BACKGROUND: A traumatic ulcer caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) is a lesion caused by an increase in advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), which takes a long time to heal. AGEs cause angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and a decrease in leukocytes. Fibroblast proliferation and the number of glycosaminoglycans decline, thereby inhibiting the formation of granulation tissue, collagen deposition and platelet derivatives growth factor. The application of topical propolis extract gel to ulcers has an anti-inflammatory function, triggers angiogenesis and accelerates wound healing. AIMS: This study sought to establish whether the topical application of propolis extract gel can increase the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and fibroblasts in the healing process of traumatic ulceration in diabetic Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). METHODS: This was a genuinely experimental research design featuring posttest-only control groups. The simple random sampling technique involved 24 male DM Wistar rats with traumatic ulcers on the labial mucosa of the lower lip. The samples were divided into two groups: a control group whose members were administered hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel 5% and a treatment group to which propolis extract gel was applied. The expression of FGF-2 and fibroblasts was observed on days 3, 5, 7 and 9 by means of histology and immunohistochemistry (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) with Ab-Mo FGF-2. RESULTS: The topical application of propolis extract gel increased the expression of FGF-2 and fibroblasts in the treatment group on days 5 and 7. There was a correlation between the increased expression of FGF-2 and the number of fibroblasts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The topical application of propolis extract gel increases the expression of FGF-2 and fibroblasts within the traumatic ulcer healing process in diabetic R. norvegicus.