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Introduction: The foundation of oncology treatment as a single modality approach as well as the "multimodality" concept has been studied by statistical evaluation pre, during, and posttreatment to rule out their efficacy, expected prognosis, toxicity reactions, and overall survival for the patient. Such studies have also provided an appreciable amount of data for future custom utility. "Targeted therapy" is a cancer treatment that uses drugs but is different from traditional chemotherapy. It works by targeting cancer-specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival. Researchers are developing drugs that target specific molecular changes. The drugs can block or turn off signals that tell cancer cells to grow and divide, keep cells from living longer than usual, and destroy the cancer cells. Aim: The aim of the study is to carry out a systematic review of clinical trials of molecular targeted therapy in the treatment of cancer. Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of molecular targeted therapy in the treatment of head-and-neck cancers. Materials and Methods: A group of keywords was preselected to search for scientific articles on a web-based database of PubMed. Only completed randomized controlled trials published in the past 5 years in the English language were included with open access. All the selected articles were subjected to the Cochrane bias tool and PRISMA guidelines to extract results. Results: Among 4 studies specifying the progression-free survival (PFS) for comparing the groups treated either using targeted therapy or other modality/placebo, 50% of studies show a slight increase in PFS in the group treated with TT and other 50% show PFS increase in the non-TT group. Thus, insufficient evidence is furnished to provide a statement and acknowledged the expectancy of a disease-free period with or without the use of TT in the treatment of head-and-neck cancer. Conclusion: Considering very little information on enhanced effect and presence of evidence supporting an increased risk of adverse events, the addition of TT to treatment is a question to the dilemma. A systematic review intends advantageous in providing foresight for oncologists concerning patient assessment and evaluation to defend inclination proceeding toward the treatment defined.

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Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen is not always sensitive enough for the early detection of oral cancer which is why a new marker has been desired as a substitute to be applied for serum diagnosis of oral cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been known to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) are a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase-II metabolic isoenzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification. This correlation of the ROS species function and their role in initiation and progression of cancer could be exploited as of diagnostic value. The biologic function of the GSTs in human head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas has been studied by researchers at gross as well as molecular levels. Taking into consideration this scientific background, future scope and perspectives, we initiated this study. Materials and Methods: This study was performed as a prospective case-control in vitro analytical study with subjects (n = 40) fulfilling the prerequisite conditions and were compliant. The case group (n = 20) was subjects with histopathologically proven cases of oral malignancy and age- and sex-matched control group (n = 20). The enzyme GST was evaluated in sera of all participants and then comparison was done between two groups as well as correlation with histopathologic grading for oral malignancy. Results: The mean serum GST activity in oral cancer patients was significantly higher than that of the control group. The present study has compared the alterations of enzyme in relation to histopathological grading of oral malignancy and found increased serum GST activity of well-differentiated and moderately differentiated carcinomas than the poorly differentiated carcinoma in terms of mean. Conclusion: Increased expression of the enzyme, as reported in the present study, can be due to tumor burden which attributes to overproduction of GST by cancer cells. The major clinical significance of the present study is that it gives important information regarding a new tumor progression and prognosis marker.

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INTRODUCTION: Radiation therapy is commonly used in the treatment of head and neck cancer in both the definitive and postoperative settings. Proton therapy, due to its intrinsic physical properties, has the ability to reduce the integral dose delivered to the patients while maintaining highly conformal target coverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: .A literature search was performed on scientific databases, and Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed to compute results. Only original studies were selected. Selected studies were used to extract some proposed data for comparison, dosimetry, site, complications, and survival. RESULTS: Proton beam therapy technology can be used against the conventional radiotherapy and shows satisfactory results. Yet conventional therapy is not less advantageous considering the amount of work available for any cross interpretations. CONCLUSION: Comparative preplanning could be beneficial considering multiple therapies for ruling out the best treatment outcomes that could be expected.

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Solitary bone cyst (SBC) is an uncommon, nonneoplastic osseous lesion that mainly affects metaphysis of long bones and rarely presents in jaws. Due to the lack of true epithelial lining, it is considered as a pseudocyst. It is generally asymptomatic and often discovered incidentally during routine radiographic examination as well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucent lesion in the posterior mandible mainly in the first two decades of life. Here, we report a very rare case of a 15-year-old female patient having a lesion in the posterior maxilla with clinical, radiological, and histopathological presentations of SBC.

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CONTEXT: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) have been recognized as one of the most common causes of nondental orofacial pain. Various studies have been reported in literature regarding the relationship between prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMDs and gender, suggestive of female predilection; however, none of the studies have yet been reported to suggest the relationship between knowledge about temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and TMDs and self-awareness of its signs and symptoms. AIM: To find a relationship between the level of knowledge about TMJ and TMDs and self-awareness of its signs and symptoms. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This study was designed as an institutional survey. The study sample comprised 491 undergraduate and postgraduate (PG) students, consisting of 90 males and 401 females with age ranging between 18 and 32 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two sets of questionnaire were distributed among the students. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis was performed with the help of Epi Info (TM) 3.5.3, descriptive statistical analysis, test of proportion, Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's test, and knowledge index. RESULTS: It was observed that there was a gradual increase in the level of knowledge about TMJ and TMDs and self-awareness of its signs and symptoms from the 1st year to PG students. CONCLUSIONS: A direct relationship exists between the level of knowledge about TMJ and TMDs and self-awareness of its signs and symptoms.

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Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is a reactive lesion of the gingival tissues that predominantly affects women and is usually located in the maxilla anterior to the molars. It originates from the cells of the periodontal ligament. The definitive diagnosis is established by histological examination, which reveals the presence of cellular connective tissue with focal calcifications. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, though the recurrence has been reported. We present a clinical, radiological and histological review of five cases of POF diagnosed and treated at our institute.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate the plasma tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels in patients with oral submucous fibrosis and to determine the relation of plasma TNF-α levels with the severity of oral submucous fibrosis. STUDY DESIGN: Blood samples were collected from 25 patients who were diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis and from 25 age- and sex-matched control participants. The plasma was isolated by centrifugation of blood samples. The levels of plasma TNF-α were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: A total of 19 out of 25 patients had detectable plasma TNF-α levels ranging from 0.1 to 106.4 pg/mL (mean, 23.46 pg/mL), whereas only 12 out of 25 control participants had detectable plasma TNF-α levels ranging from 0.1 to 33.3 pg/mL (mean, 6.93 pg/mL). The difference between the TNF-α levels of patients and controls was statistically significant (P = .015) according to the Mann-Whitney test. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with oral submucous fibrosis had significantly increased TNF-α levels compared with controls.

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Tongue thrusting and thumb sucking are the most commonly seen oral habits which act as the major etiological factors in the development of dental malocclusion. This case report describes a fixed habit correcting appliance, Hybrid Habit Correcting Appliance (HHCA), designed to eliminate these habits. This hybrid appliance is effective in less compliant patients and if desired can be used along with the fixed orthodontic appliance. Its components can act as mechanical restrainers and muscle retraining devices. It is also effective in cases with mild posterior crossbites.

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Achondroplasia is considered as a form of skeletal dysplasia/dwarfism that manifests with stunted stature and disproportionate limb shortening. Achondroplasia is of special interest in the field of dentistry because of its characteristic craniofacial features. It has been considered as the most common short-limbed dwarfism syndrome. Very few authors have reported the presence of oligodontia in achondroplastic patients. The present paper reports a rare case of oligodontia in a young, female, achondroplastic patient.

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Dentigerous cysts are the most common developmental cysts of the jaws, most frequently associated with impacted mandibular third molar teeth. Dentigerous cysts around supernumerary teeth, however, account for 5% of all dentigerous cysts, with most developing around a mesiodens in the anterior maxilla. This report describes two cases of a dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted mesiodens. Both of the patients complained of swelling in the maxillary anterior region. Radiographic examination revealed an impacted mesiodens surrounded by a large corticated radiolucency in both cases. A provisional diagnosis of infected odontogenic cyst was made. The cysts were enucleated with the removal of the mesiodens in the two cases. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of infected dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted mesiodens in both cases. The patients remained asymptomatic, and no complications were noted.