RESUMEN
AIMS: The aim of this paper is to review the evidence relating to the anatomy of the proximal femur, the geometry of the fracture and the characteristics of implants and methods of fixation of intertrochanteric fractures of the hip. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relevant papers were identified from appropriate clinical databases and a narrative review was undertaken. RESULTS: Stable, unstable, and subtrochanteric intertrochanteric fractures vary widely in their anatomical and biomechanical characteristics, as do the implants used for their fixation. The optimal choice of implant addresses the stability of the fracture and affects the outcome. CONCLUSION: The treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the hip has evolved along with changes in the design of the implants used to fix them, but there remains conflicting evidence to guide the choice of implant. We advocate fixation of 31A1 fractures with a sliding hip screw and all others with an intramedullary device. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:128-33.
Asunto(s)
Placas Óseas/normas , Tornillos Óseos/normas , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/instrumentación , Fracturas de Cadera/cirugía , Clavos Ortopédicos/economía , Clavos Ortopédicos/normas , Placas Óseas/economía , Tornillos Óseos/economía , Interfase Hueso-Implante , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/economía , Fracturas de Cadera/economía , Humanos , Fracturas Periprotésicas/etiología , Diseño de Prótesis/economía , Diseño de Prótesis/normas , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is no gold standard on how national tuberculosis programs should design retreatment regimens. Often drug susceptibility testing (DST) is not available for all patients, and representative DST patterns in patient populations are used to guide therapy. OBJECTIVES: To examine DST patterns in different patient populations based on previous treatment and to estimate the number of effective anti-tuberculosis agents in several retreatment regimens. METHODS: We reviewed DST results from patients treated with individualized regimens in Peru between January 1998 and July 2004. We stratified patients into four groups based on previous treatment exposure from Group 1 who had failed only one regimen to Group 4 who had failed three regimens. We compared resistance frequencies across the four groups. In Groups 1 and 3, the number of likely effective agents under six possible retreatment regimen scenarios was estimated. RESULTS: Resistance to second-line drugs was significantly higher in groups with more previous courses of treatment. A few retreatment regimens could be identified that would allow at least 80% of patients to receive at least four likely effective drugs. CONCLUSION: Because it is associated with resistance frequencies, previous treatment exposure can serve to guide the design of non-individualized MDR-TB regimens.
Asunto(s)
Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Proyectos de Investigación/normas , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Perú/epidemiología , Retratamiento/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
SETTING: Since 2000, the directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy has been expanded in several countries to include treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). This strategy is known as DOTS-Plus. Tuberculosis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality for children throughout the developing world. Children may also be infected with MDR-TB, yet most developing countries do not specifically address pediatric MDR-TB. OBJECTIVE: To present the intermediate outcomes of the first 16 children enrolled in the Peruvian DOTS-Plus program and to demonstrate the tolerability of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. RESULTS: Three children completed therapy and are cured, one child had bacteriologic and clinical failure after 12 months of therapy and died of respiratory insufficiency, and 12 have intermediate outcomes demonstrating favorable clinical, bacteriologic, and radiographic evidence of improvement after 9-19 months of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Of the 16 pediatric DOTS-Plus patients, 15 have tolerated therapy well and have had favorable clinical evolution. However, the diagnosis of pediatric MDR-TB is often extremely delayed due to reliance on the adult case definition and should be changed to prevent progressive, chronic illness in such children. Programmatic changes could facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment of pediatric MDR-TB in Peru and in other DOTS-Plus programs.