RESUMEN
Echocardiography-Doppler methods frequently are used to assess patients with mitral and aortic valve disease. Quantitation of the regurgitant lesions remains an important part of the noninvasive exam. Recently, several newer quantitative methods have been developed that can be helpful to the clinician. This article reviews conventional volumetric techniques and recently validated hydrodynamic approaches to the assessment of mitral and aortic regurgitation. The derivation of formulas is discussed along with the value and limitations of each technique.
RESUMEN
Cervical radiculopathy presents as pain in a dermatomal distribution. This frequently represents compression of an exiting cervical nerve root by either a herniated disk or a degenerative cervical spondylotic change. Most patients will improve with nonoperative treatment, and a small percentage will require further diagnostic evaluation and ultimately surgical intervention. An understanding of the normal anatomy and the pathologic changes in cervical radiculopathy will improve the understanding of diagnosis and decision making regarding nonoperative interventions. An algorithmic approach for decision making and a review of nonoperative management are presented.