RESUMEN
Disturbance and deforestation have profound ecological and socioeconomic effects on tropical forests, but their diffuse patterns are difficult to detect and quantify at regional scales. We expanded the Carnegie forest damage detection system to show that, between 1999 and 2005, disturbance and deforestation rates throughout the Peruvian Amazon averaged 632 square kilometers per year and 645 square kilometers per year, respectively. However, only 1 to 2% occurred within natural protected areas, indigenous territories contained only 11% of the forest disturbances and 9% of the deforestation, and recent forest concessions effectively protected against clear-cutting. Although the region shows recent increases in disturbance and deforestation rates and leakage into forests surrounding concession areas, land-use policy and remoteness are serving to protect the Peruvian Amazon.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Árboles , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ecología , Agricultura Forestal , Perú , Clima Tropical , MaderaRESUMEN
Lateral canthopexy using permanent suspending sutures to shorten the lateral canthal tendon helps prevent scleral show, increased sloping of the upper lid, and inferomedial displacement of the lateral canthus following lower lid blepharoplasty. While these complications usually are prevented by flap suspension techniques, in which more skin is excised above and lateral to the commissure than below it, sutures running from the inferomedial part of the lateral canthal tendon to its superolateral aspect and to periosteum just inside the orbit still further reduce the tendency toward the complications mentioned. We report technical aspects and results. After several years of clinical experience, we have the impression that the technique is a useful adjunct, even though it may produce more swelling and inflammation and a longer recuperative period.