RESUMEN
Tar spot of corn has been a major foliar disease in several Latin American countries since 1904. In 2015, tar spot was first documented in the United States and has led to significant yield losses of approximately 4.5 million t. Tar spot is caused by an obligate pathogen, Phyllachora maydis, and thus requires a living host to grow and reproduce. Due to its obligate nature, biological and epidemiological studies are limited and impact of disease in corn production has been understudied. Here we present the current literature and gaps in knowledge of tar spot of corn in the Americas, its etiology, distribution, impact and known management strategies as a resource for understanding the pathosystem. This will in tern guide current and future research and aid in the development of effective management strategies for this disease.
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Enfermedades de las Plantas , Zea mays , Américas , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential association between snoring and other symptoms indicative of sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Hispanic adolescents and younger adults using a large population-based survey. METHODS: Sleep-related information, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples markers of MetS were obtained from subjects aged 15-40 years collected through the 2nd Chilean Health Survey. Regression models were constructed to evaluate the associations of snoring with MetS, hypertension and serum cholesterol levels. The modulating effect of sleep duration was accounted for in the models. RESULTS: A total of 2147 subjects (42% males, mean age 27.9±7.6 years) were included. Snoring and short sleep duration were present in 43.5 and 25% of the entire population, respectively. MetS was detected in 19.5% of the subjects. In the adjusted regression model, the odds of MetS among snoring subjects were 2.13 times higher (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52-2.99; P<0.01), and 1.53-fold higher odds of elevated cholesterol also emerged (95% CI: 1.12-2.10; P<0.01). However, the odds of hypertension were not increased by the presence of snoring after adjusting for confounders. In addition, snoring was associated with an increase of 7.26 and 6.56 mg dl-1 for total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, even after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index. Short sleep duration was associated with a small albeit significant risk increase for high systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In this large population-based sample of young Hispanic adults and adolescents, snoring, but not sleep duration, emerged as an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia and MetS, but not for hypertension.
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Dislipidemias/metabolismo , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/metabolismo , Ronquido/epidemiología , Ronquido/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Glucemia , Chile/epidemiología , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/epidemiología , Dislipidemias/fisiopatología , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Hipertensión/sangre , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Síndrome Metabólico/fisiopatología , Programas Nacionales de Salud , Sobrepeso/sangre , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/fisiopatología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/sangre , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/epidemiología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/fisiopatología , Ronquido/sangre , Ronquido/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This is the report of a rare case of endomyocardial fibrosis associated with massive calcification of the left ventricle in a male patient with dyspnea on great exertion, which began 5 years earlier and rapidly evolved. Due to lack of information and the absence of clinical signs that could characterize impairment of other organs, the case was initially managed as a disease with a pulmonary origin. With the evolution of the disease and in the presence of radiological images of heterogeneous opacification in the projection of the left ventricle, the diagnostic hypothesis of endomyocardial disease was established. This hypothesis was later confirmed on chest computed tomography. The patient died on the 16th day of the hospital stay, probably because of lack of myocardial reserve, with clinical findings of refractory heart failure, possibly aggravated by pulmonary infection. This shows that a rare disease such as endomyocardial fibrosis associated with massive calcification of the left ventricle may be suspected on a simple chest X-ray and confirmed by computed tomography.
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Calcinosis/complicaciones , Fibrosis Endomiocárdica/complicaciones , Adulto , Calcinosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Fibrosis Endomiocárdica/diagnóstico por imagen , Resultado Fatal , Ventrículos Cardíacos , Humanos , Masculino , RadiografíaRESUMEN
Bioactive Annonaceous acetogenins have been isolated from the EtOH extract of the bark of Xylopia aromatica by bioactivity-directed fractionation using lethality to brine shrimp. These acetogenins include xylopianin [1 , xylopiacin [2], and xylomaticin [3], which are three new mono-tetrahydrofuran ring type acetogenins, in addition to the known compounds, annomontacin, gigantetronenin, gigantetrocin A, and annonacin. Compounds 1 and 2 are unusual in having hydroxylation at C-8; 3 has the same functionalities as annonacin but with 37 carbons instead of 35 carbons. The structures were elucidated by spectral analysis of the parent compounds and/or simple chemical derivatives. These acetogenins showed cytotoxicities, comparable to adriamycin, against three human solid tumor cell lines.
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Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Furanos/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales/química , Animales , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Artemia , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Furanos/farmacología , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Conformación Molecular , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , VenezuelaRESUMEN
Rat surfactant protein A (SP-A) was expressed in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell line and characterized for biologic activity using assays for receptor binding and modulation of phospholipid secretion from isolated type II cells. The CHO-K1 cell line was cotransfected with separate plasmids encoding for the rat SP-A, dihydrofolate reductase and neomycin phosphotransferase, respectively. Antibiotic (Geneticin-G418)-resistant transformants were screened by ELISA for the secretion of recombinant SP-A into the media. Northern analysis of the transfected cell lines demonstrated the expression of both 1.6 kb and 0.9 kb mRNA species for SP-A, consistent with the proposed differential polyadenylation of the primary transcript. Amplification with methotrexate resulted in a dose-dependent increase in mRNA for SP-A and a 20-fold increase in the production of recombinant SP-A relative to untreated cells. Maximum production of SP-A was 370 micrograms of SP-A/l of media in a 4-day incubation. Recombinant SP-A was purified from the serum-free media of large scale cultures of transfected, amplified CHO cells by affinity chromatography on mannose-Sepharose. The recombinant SP-A migrated similarly to native SP-A by NaDodSO4-PAGE analysis under reducing and nonreducing conditions and under reducing conditions after digestion with N-glycanase. Recombinant SP-A effectively competed with 125I-native SP-A for binding to the high affinity receptor for SP-A on isolated plasma membranes from rat alveolar type II cells. The recombinant SP-A was as effective as native SP-A in the inhibition of secretion of phospholipid from isolated type II cells. We conclude that recombinant rat SP-A produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells is physically and functionally similar to native rat SP-A.