RESUMEN
Our understanding of how, and the extent to which, phytopathogens reconfigure host metabolic pathways to enhance virulence is remarkably limited. Here we investigate the dynamics of the natural disaccharide nucleoside, 3'-O-ß-D-ribofuranosyladenosine, in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000. 3'-O-ß-D-ribofuranosyladenosine is a plant derived molecule that rapidly accumulates following delivery of P. syringae type III effectors to represent a major component of the infected leaf metabolome. We report the first synthesis of 3'-O-ß-D-ribofuranosyladenosine using a method involving the condensation of a small excess of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-three-O-benzoyl-ß-ribofuranose activated with tin tetrachloride with 2',5'-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyladenosine in 1,2-dichloroethane with further removal of silyl and benzoyl protecting groups. Interestingly, application of synthetic 3'-O-ß-D-ribofuranosyladenosine did not affect either bacterial multiplication or infection dynamics suggesting a major reconfiguration of metabolism during pathogenesis and a heavy metabolic burden on the infected plant.
Asunto(s)
Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Arabidopsis/inmunología , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Disacáridos/metabolismo , Adenosina/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Transcriptional reprogramming is integral to effective plant defense. Pathogen effectors act transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally to suppress defense responses. A major challenge to understanding disease and defense responses is discriminating between transcriptional reprogramming associated with microbial-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) and that orchestrated by effectors. A high-resolution time course of genome-wide expression changes following challenge with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 and the nonpathogenic mutant strain DC3000hrpA- allowed us to establish causal links between the activities of pathogen effectors and suppression of MTI and infer with high confidence a range of processes specifically targeted by effectors. Analysis of this information-rich data set with a range of computational tools provided insights into the earliest transcriptional events triggered by effector delivery, regulatory mechanisms recruited, and biological processes targeted. We show that the majority of genes contributing to disease or defense are induced within 6 h postinfection, significantly before pathogen multiplication. Suppression of chloroplast-associated genes is a rapid MAMP-triggered defense response, and suppression of genes involved in chromatin assembly and induction of ubiquitin-related genes coincide with pathogen-induced abscisic acid accumulation. Specific combinations of promoter motifs are engaged in fine-tuning the MTI response and active transcriptional suppression at specific promoter configurations by P. syringae.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis/inmunología , Terapia de Inmunosupresión , Moléculas de Patrón Molecular Asociado a Patógenos/metabolismo , Inmunidad de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/inmunología , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiología , Transcripción Genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/microbiología , Secuencia de Bases , Cromatina/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Ontología de Genes , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Genes de Plantas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Motivos de Nucleótidos/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Pseudomonas syringae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Currently, there is concern about declining bee populations and the sustainability of pollination services. One potential threat to bees is the unintended impact of systemic insecticides, which are ingested by bees in the nectar and pollen from flowers of treated crops. To establish whether imidacloprid, a systemic neonicotinoid and insect neurotoxin, harms individual bees when ingested at environmentally realistic levels, we exposed adult worker bumble bees, Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), to dietary imidacloprid in feeder syrup at dosages between 0.08 and 125µg l(-1). Honey bees showed no response to dietary imidacloprid on any variable that we measured (feeding, locomotion and longevity). In contrast, bumble bees progressively developed over time a dose-dependent reduction in feeding rate with declines of 10-30% in the environmentally relevant range of up to 10µg l(-1), but neither their locomotory activity nor longevity varied with diet. To explain their differential sensitivity, we speculate that honey bees are better pre-adapted than bumble bees to feed on nectars containing synthetic alkaloids, such as imidacloprid, by virtue of their ancestral adaptation to tropical nectars in which natural alkaloids are prevalent. We emphasise that our study does not suggest that honey bee colonies are invulnerable to dietary imidacloprid under field conditions, but our findings do raise new concern about the impact of agricultural neonicotinoids on wild bumble bee populations.
Asunto(s)
Abejas , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Imidazoles/efectos adversos , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Longevidad/efectos de los fármacos , Nitrocompuestos/efectos adversos , Animales , Neonicotinoides , Néctar de las PlantasRESUMEN
DELLA proteins repress plant growth and developmental processes. Recent data suggest that DELLAs improve survival by imposing growth restraint during plant stress, enabling limited resources to be diverted to pathogen defence.