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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the uterine artery Doppler parameters and endometrial characteristics in women with unexplained infertility. METHODS: A prospective case-control study of 42 women with unexplained infertility and 42 fertile controls. Their mid-luteal phase transvaginal Doppler parameters of both uterine arteries and endometrial characteristics (endometrial blood flow, thickness and volume) were investigated and analysed. P values < 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) and resistivity index (RI) of the cases (women with unexplained infertility) were significantly higher compared to the values in the fertile controls (PI = 2.81±0.61 vs 2.15±0.65; p=0.001) (RI= 0.87±0.08 vs 0.82±0.07; p=0.003). In addition, the end-diastolic volume (EDV) (6.12±4.17 vs 9.37±5.14; p=0.007) and endometrial-subendometrial blood flow (p=0.036) were significantly lower in the cases compared to the controls. Multivariate logistics analysis showed that PI was independently associated with infertile status (p=0.006). There was no significant difference in the mean PSV (48.69±10.9 vs 50.58±11.30; p=0.602), endometrial thickness (10.30+3.13 vs 10.72+3.10; p=0.544), endometrial volume (7.82+1.56 vs 8.23+1.71; p=0.323), mean age (32.28±4.062 vs 31.91±3.58 years; p=0.502), body mass index (26.15±2.71kg/m2 vs 25.24±2.85 kg/m2; p=0.18) menstrual bleeding days (4.07±0.89 days vs 4.02±0.95 days; p=0.481) duration of menstrual cycle (28.02±1.09 days vs 27.64±1.36 days; p= 0.162), smoking history (p=0.909) and alcohol intake (p=0.507) of the infertile women compared with the fertile controls, respectively. CONCLUSION: Women with unexplained infertility have increased uterine artery Doppler PI and RI and reduced endometrial-subendometrial perfusion compared with fertile controls.
OBJECTIFS: Étudier les paramètres Doppler de l'artère utérine et les caractéristiques de l'endomètre chez les femmes atteintes d'infertilité inexpliquée. MÉTHODES: Une étude cas-témoins prospective de 42 femmes atteintes d' infertilité inexpliquée et 42 témoins fertiles. Leur phase mi-lutéaleles paramètres Doppler transvaginaux des artères utérines et des caractéristiques de l'endomètre (flux sanguin de l'endomètre, épaisseur et volume) ont été étudiés et analysés.Les valeurs P d ¼ 0,05 étaient statistiquement significatives. RÉSULTATS: L'indice moyen de pulsatilité de l'artère utérine (IP) etindice de résistivité (IR) des cas (femmes atteintes d'infertilité inexpliquée)étaient significativement plus élevées par rapport auxvaleurs des témoins fertiles(PI = 2,81±0,61 vs 2,15±0,65; p = 0,001) (RI = 0,87±0,08 vs0,82±0,07; p=0,003). De plus, le volume diastolique final (EDV)(6,12±4,17 vs 9,37±5,14; p = 0,007) et endométrialesous-endomètrele débit sanguin (p = 0,036) était significativement plus faible dans les cas comparésaux contrôles. L'analyse logistique multivariée a montré que PI était indépendamment associé au statut infertile (p = 0,006).Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans le PSV moyen (48,69±10,9 vs50 h 58±11 h 30; p=0,602), épaisseur de l'endomètre (10,30+3,13 vs10.72+3.10; p = 0,544), volume de l'endomètre (7,82 + 1,56 vs 8,23 + 1,71;p=0,323), âge moyen (32,28±4,062 vs 31,91±3,58 ans; p=0,502),indice de masse corporelle (26,15±2,71 kg/m2 vs 25,24±2,85 kg/m2; p=0,18)jours de saignements menstruels (4,07±0,89 jours vs 4,02±0,95 jours; p = 0,481)durée du cycle menstruel (28,02±1,09 jours vs 27,64±1,36 jours;p= 0,162), antécédents de tabagisme (p = 0,909) et consommation d'alcool (p = 0,507)des femmes infertiles par rapport aux témoins fertiles, respectivement. CONCLUSION: Les femmes atteintes d'infertilité inexpliquée ont augmentation significative de l'artère utérine Doppler PI et RI et réduction perfusion endométriale-sous-endoudo-endométrique par rapport aux témoins fertiles. Mots-clés: Infertilité inexpliquée, Artère utérine, Doppler, Caractéristiques de l'endomètre.
Asunto(s)
Infertilidad Femenina , Arteria Uterina , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Humanos , Infertilidad Femenina/diagnóstico por imagen , Nigeria/epidemiología , Arteria Uterina/diagnóstico por imagen , Útero/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
This feature issue of Applied Optics contains 31 research papers on photon correlation and scattering, many of which were presented at an OSA Topical Meeting that was held 21-23 August 2000 in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. These papers focus on research in dynamic light scattering, surface light scattering, photon correlation, and laser velocimetry and their applications to physical, chemical, and biological processes.
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Bounding the errors of measurements derived from correlation functions of light scattered from some physical systems is typically complicated by the ill conditioning of the data inversion. Parameter values are estimated from fitting well-chosen models to measurements taken for long enough to look acceptable, or at least to yield convergence to some reasonable result. We show some simple numerical simulations that indicate the possibility of substantial and unanticipated errors even in comparatively simple experiments. We further show quantitative evidence for the effectiveness of a number of ad hoc aspects of the art of performing good light-scattering experiments and recovering useful measurements from them. Separating data-inversion properties from experimental inconsistencies may lead to a better understanding and better bounding of some errors, giving new ways to improve overall experimental accuracy.
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The utility of the one-beam cross-correlation dynamic light-scattering system for sizing small particles in suspension was previously limited by its small-intensity signal-to-baseline ratio for strongly turbid suspensions. We describe three improvements in the optical system and sample cell that raise the ratio to a value comparable with that of other cross-correlation dynamic light-scattering systems. These improvements are (i) using a square cross-sectional sample cell to minimize the attenuation of the incident beam and singly scattered light, (ii) placing a 200-microm-wide slit between the sample cell and the detector fibers to mask off the region of weak single scattering and strong multiple scattering from the detectors' field of view, and (iii) aligning the center of the detectors' field of view with the region of strongest single scattering. We analyze a number of suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres with a diameter between 65 and 562 nm in water using this improved one-beam instrument and find that the measured radius is determined in a 2-min data collection time to better than +/-10% for volume fractions of the suspended polystyrene latex spheres up to a few percent.
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Obtaining true and beautiful data from any photon correlation experiment demands serious attention to optimizing both the measuring system and experimental conditions. The laser must have sufficient power, be stable under all likely conditions, and usually be restricted to a single transverse mode. The beam-delivery optics must be carefully designed, built, and verified. The scattering medium must contain a proper concentration of suitably sized scatterers with appropriate characteristics. Surfaces surrounding the point of measurement must not introduce optical noise. Flare reduction in the receiver optics may be improved with ghost analysis, spatial and spectral filtering, and careful choice of stops, baffles, and surface coatings. The photon detector must have adequate speed and sensitivity with suitably low internal correlations and noise. The choice of correlator is crucial. Sometimes the equipment must be small to reach inaccessible places. Performance may be compromised by thermal, mechanical, or electrical instabilities caused by exposure to environmental excesses. Errors may even be introduced by preprocessing hardware and software before proper information is extracted. With so many conditions and potential problems, how does one obtain beautiful data, leading to correct results and enlightening information? That is the focus of our work.
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This feature issue of Applied Optics contains 25 research papers on photon correlation and scattering. Many of the papers in this volume were presented at an OSA Topical Meeting that was held 21-24 August 1996 in Capri, Italy. The focus of these papers is research in dynamic light scattering, surface light scattering, photon correlation, laser velocimetry, and their applications to biological, chemical, and physical processes.
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A general-purpose, multifunction light-scattering instrument has been developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center for Space Shuttle and Space Station colloid crystallization and other microgravity experiments. For a single sample, the instrument can measure two-dimensional Bragg scattering from 0.5 degrees to 60 degrees , dynamic and static light scattering from 10 degrees to 170 degrees , the shear modulus of samples before and after crystallization, and digital color images of the sample. A carousel positions any one of eight 3-ml samples into the test position for separate experiments. Program challenges and flight results from the STS-83 Space Shuttle mission are discussed.
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We describe a new method for characterizing particles in turbid media by cross correlating the scattered intensity fluctuations at two nearby points in the far field. The cross-correlation function selectively emphasizes single scattering over multiple scattering. The usual dynamic light-scattering capability of inferring particle size from decay rate is thus extended to samples that are so turbid as to be visually opaque. The method relies on single-scattering speckle being physically larger than multiple-scattering speckle. With a suitable optical geometry to select nearby points in the far field or equivalently slightly different scattering wave vectors (of the same magnitude), the multiple-scattering contribution to the cross-correlation function may be reduced and in some cases rendered insignificant. Experimental results demonstrating the feasibility of this approach are presented.
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Building optical systems that actually meet specificationsrequires more than a knowledge of optics and the use ofcontemporary design codes. Excellence also comes with akind of "street" knowledge, learned not from textbooks butfrom experience, mostly from failures. These hard-won lessons are colloquially described here as "folk wisdom." If considered during system conceptualization and design,these notes may improve efficiency, effectiveness, and uitimate performance. Costs, mechanical constraints, parts choice, specification and procurement, available adjustments,alignment sequence and retention, deterioration of performance with aging, and other topics are considered.