RESUMEN
PURPOSE: The new analytical method of qualitative and quantitative determination of zolpidem and qualitative analysis of its main metabolite in blood and oral fluid samples was developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sample preparation was carried out using a polymeric ion-exchange sorbent in solid phase extraction (SPE). Analysis was realized using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC/MS). The method was validated in terms of few parameters. LOD, LOQ, linearity, precision, selectivity, ion suppression and stability were estimated. RESULTS: Obtained method showed good linearity with determination coefficient (R(2)) of 0.9989 and 0.9998 for blood and oral fluid samples, respectively. LOD and LOQ of zolpidem were 0.2ng/mL and 1.0ng/mL, respectively, for both blood and oral fluid samples. SPE method recovery varies from 79.9±12.6 to 104.1±1.77 for blood sample and 80.2±0.48 to 103.8±1.51 for oral fluid sample. Samples collected from patients taking zolpidem with a prescription were analyzed. Detection of zolpidem was possible after 15h from ingestion of 10mg zolpidem tartrate in both types of samples. CONCLUSION: The developed method allows quantitation of zolpidem in therapeutic and subtherapeutic range as well as qualitative analysis of its main metabolite in blood and oral fluid samples. This method meets criteria required for bioanalytical applications and can be used for clinical and forensic purposes.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Piridinas/análisis , Piridinas/sangre , Saliva/química , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , ZolpidemRESUMEN
In this study we present two forensic cases where mitochondrial DNA HVS I and HVS II haplotypes of evidentiary hairs match reference samples. Based on the information retrieved from mtDNA coding region of reference material, we selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located outside the HVS I and HVS II regions that could increase the informativeness of mtDNA analysis. The SNPs were typed via SNaPshot or dideoxy sequencing technology. In both cases the SNP results allowed for unambiguous exlusion of the evidence and for determining that reference samples originated from the same person.
Asunto(s)
Dermatoglifia del ADN/métodos , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Genética Forense/métodos , Cabello/química , Homicidio , Análisis Mutacional de ADN/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
Breathalysing and blood analysis is the basic instrument of measuring the level of intoxication. Prior to collecting a blood sample, an individual suspected of being under the influence of alcohol is examined by a physician, who fills out the "protocol of obtaining a blood sample". This work aims at evaluating the applicability of the described examination in measuring the level of intoxication. In order to do so, our team analyzed 352 "protocols of obtaining blood sample" referred to the Forensic Laboratory KWP in Bydgoszcz, Poland, and compared them with the results of blood analysis. The results of the above analysis point to the fact that the elements of medical examination constituting "the protocol of obtaining a blood sample" are of a minor usefulness in determining the degree of intoxication with ethyl alcohol. The smell from the mouth and the conclusions formulated the examining physician prove to be the most useful. The summary usage of deviations from the norm does not seem to increase the usefulness of methods used within "the protocol of obtaining a blood sample" in evaluating the degree of intoxication.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación Alcohólica/sangre , Intoxicación Alcohólica/diagnóstico , Examen Físico/métodos , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/organización & administración , Etanol/sangre , Humanos , Polonia , Manejo de Especímenes/métodosRESUMEN
The report presents the possibility of using an alternative material of determining citalopram and its metabolite (desmethylcitalopram) in hair and nails. Citalopram (Cipramil, Citaratio, Citaxin, Oropram, Cital, Cilon, Aurex) is an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, employed in treatment of depression, prevention of depressive disorders recurrence and in some anxiety disorders. The investigations were performed using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization mass spectrophotometry (LC-ESI-MS). In the course of the study, the authors developed a method for isolation and identification of Citaprolam and its metabolite (desmethylcitaprolam) from hair and nails. Determination were performed in hair and nail samples collected from individuals who had been administered citalopram in therapeutic doses at least for 12 months before sample collection. Hair and nail samples were obtained 4, 6, 9 and 15 months after discontinuing drug administration. The concentration of citalopram in nails was 0.40-10.49 ng/mg and the concentration of desmethylcitalopram was 0.32-3.70 ng/mg. In hair, citalopram concentration was 1.04-8.69 ng/mg and for desmethylcitalopram, the concentration range was 0.07-1.27 ng/mg.
Asunto(s)
Antipsicóticos/análisis , Citalopram/análogos & derivados , Toxicología Forense/métodos , Cabello/química , Uñas/química , Antipsicóticos/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Citalopram/análisis , Citalopram/metabolismo , Trastorno Depresivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Cabello/metabolismo , Humanos , Uñas/metabolismo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/análisisRESUMEN
Informed consent for medical intervention is one of the most frequently analyzed subjects in the doctrine of medical law. In spite of that it is quite common that particular instances of obtained consent are not consistent with the rules of the Polish legal system. One of the most difficult aspects of the above mentioned subject is consent for experimental procedure given by minor patients.
Asunto(s)
Defensa del Niño/legislación & jurisprudencia , Protección a la Infancia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Experimentación Humana/legislación & jurisprudencia , Consentimiento Informado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Niño , Defensa del Niño/ética , Protección a la Infancia/ética , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Experimentación Humana/ética , Humanos , Consentimiento Informado/ética , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Consentimiento Paterno/legislación & jurisprudencia , Padres , Autonomía Personal , PoloniaRESUMEN
Drug and medication use-associated impairment of driving skills is increasingly becoming a serious problem. Detecting such DUI drivers is very difficult due to the diversity of drugs that affect the central nervous system (CNS), or to the possibility of using several drugs simultaneously. In practice there are numerous different simple tests, which do not require special equipment and can be used for preliminary detection of persons, who are suspected of taking drugs causing impairment of driving skills. In order to popularize the knowledge on the subject of testing drivers for drug use, the authors review the most commonly used methods of driving skill impairment evaluation reported in the literature, and present the scope of employing such tests in various countries.
Asunto(s)
Examen de Aptitud para la Conducción de Vehículos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Desempeño Psicomotor , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias/métodos , Accidentes de Tránsito/prevención & control , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/prevención & control , Conducción de Automóvil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Concesión de Licencias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Destreza Motora , PoloniaRESUMEN
Estimating the subject's ability to undergo imprisonment and determining whether there are any reasons for delaying or stopping imprisonment, has become a serious problem. Currently the Polish system lacks clear and homogenous opinionating criteria, and the available sources provide only general guidelines. This results in a great deal of discrepancy between opinions and evaluations made in similar cases. This work attempts to define and illustrate the criteria of the Executive Penal Code that are used in evaluating whether imprisonment is to be delayed or stopped. The authors have also provided examples of illnesses that would illustrate those definitions/criteria and came up with a suggested procedure of decision-making to be applied to such cases.
Asunto(s)
Derecho Penal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Testimonio de Experto , Medicina Legal/organización & administración , Estado de Salud , Prisioneros/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisiones/ética , Prisiones/legislación & jurisprudencia , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Testimonio de Experto/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Medicina Legal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Defensa por Insania/estadística & datos numéricos , Aplicación de la Ley , Masculino , Polonia , Prisioneros/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of two chemical agents--Bluestar and luminol--in detection of bloodstains. The experiments were performed to test for bloodstain detection sensitivity, chemical stability and to investigate the effect of both reagents on DNA typing. During this study, the authors prepared serial dilutions (1:2 to 1:10 000 000) of fresh blood, as well as dilutions of 25-year old blood on Whatman 3MM blotting paper. Additional dilutions of fresh blood were spotted on a glass surface. The experiments showed very similar results for both investigated reagents, although the Bluestar solution proved to be more stable (at least 7 days after the preparation) as compared to luminol (stable for not more than 24 hours). Both reagents showed a higher sensitivity for diluted bloodstains on a glass surface than for similar stains on filter paper. The investigators also demonstrated that multiplex amplification of DNA was feasible after Bluestar or luminol treatment, although the detected bloodstains might be too diluted to allow for effective DNA extraction and amplification.
Asunto(s)
Manchas de Sangre , Medicina Legal/métodos , Indicadores y Reactivos/química , Luminol/química , Análisis Químico de la Sangre , Humanos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem/genéticaRESUMEN
The aim of this paper was to test a method of quick evaluation of age of deceased during autopsies based on examination of cranial suture closure. The age of 20 males and 20 females was evaluated based on sagittal and fragments of the coronal and lambdoid sutures. The results were compared with the actual chronological age of the deceased calculated on the basis of their dates of birth and demise. In many cases, a slight overestimation occurred in evaluating the age by analyzing the sutures. Thus the results show that a precise and thorough evaluation of the deceased's age is not possible on the basis of the cranial suture closure without maceration of the skull.
Asunto(s)
Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto/métodos , Autopsia , Suturas Craneales/anatomía & histología , Adulto , Anciano , Cadáver , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Electrical phenomena resulting from transepithelial ion transport have been a subject of clinical, physiological, pharmacologic and toxicologic studies. These examinations concern mainly electric phenomena in live organisms. The changes of transepithelial ion pathways which take place postmortem have not been yet established. The aim of the study was an attempt to trace variability of electrophysiological parameters related to transepithelial ion transport in specimens of rabbit trachea and colon depending on temperature at which specimens were stored after death. It was observed that postmortem electric phenomena in epithelium of airways and alimentary tract of rabbit occur well-ordered but with slower course in trachea samples and in tissues which were preserved at low temperature after death.
Asunto(s)
Colon/fisiología , Soluciones Isotónicas/farmacocinética , Manejo de Especímenes , Temperatura , Tráquea/fisiología , Animales , Transporte Biológico Activo/fisiología , Estimulación Eléctrica , Electrofisiología , Epitelio/fisiología , Femenino , Transporte Iónico/fisiología , Masculino , Modelos Animales , Cambios Post Mortem , Conejos , Solución de RingerRESUMEN
A gas chromatographic method with mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) in biological material (whole blood, organ samples). After incubation of the sample (temp. 65 degrees C, 15 min), 10 microliters of the headspace is analysed using a capillary column DB-5 ms (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 micron). Quantitative analysis was made with the use of a single ion monitoring option--m/z 85 and m/z 87. This developed method was used to determine the concentration of bromochlorodifluoromethane in biological material collected from the body of the man whose death was due to intoxication of Halon 1211--fire-extinguisher contents.
Asunto(s)
Clorofluorocarburos de Metano/envenenamiento , Retardadores de Llama/envenenamiento , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias , Adulto , Autopsia , Bromoclorofluorocarbonos , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Medicina Legal/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias/métodosRESUMEN
The paper contains a review of biological definitions of age and their application in forensic anthropology as a theoretical basis for age at death identification. The authors discuss the reasons and importance of discrepancies between chronological and developmental age. Also emphasized was the significance of "age at death" expression and paying attention to the limitations of age at death estimation.
Asunto(s)
Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto , Determinación de la Edad por los Dientes , Antropología Forense/métodos , Medicina Legal/métodos , Cambios Post Mortem , Adulto , Constitución Corporal , Desarrollo Óseo , Antropología Forense/normas , Medicina Legal/normas , Humanos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In this study the basic electrophysiological ideas are presented and the electrical processes in epithelial tissues connected with the mechanisms of transepithelial ion transport. Knowledge of electric phenomena which takes place in epithelium after circulatory arrest, can contribute to the future explanation of the mechanisms which accompany interlethal reactions.
Asunto(s)
Conductividad Eléctrica , Epitelio/metabolismo , Transporte Iónico , Animales , Transporte Biológico Activo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Humanos , Infarto del Miocardio/metabolismoRESUMEN
The evolution of patient's rights covering the years of 1918-1998 in Polish legislation is presented. These rights have been discussed within the group of law acts pertaining to medical practice and to health care institutions. The patient's rights included in the European Council's documents have also been considered.
Asunto(s)
Ética Médica/historia , Política de Salud/historia , Legislación Médica/historia , Defensa del Paciente/historia , Derechos del Paciente/historia , Europa (Continente) , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Derechos del Paciente/legislación & jurisprudencia , Polonia , Administración de la Práctica Médica/historiaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to determine if the Suchey-Brooks age at death estimation method could be applied to a male sample from the Polish population. Public symphyses were taken from cadavers of 83 males of age 13-88 years. On the base of the morphological key features every symphysis was qualified to the appropriate age phase. The estimation of means and standard deviations of chronological age of every phase was the next step in the study. The differences turned out to be insignificant for phases I-III and significant for phases IV-VI. These results suggests using the Suchey method only for age estimation of younger males.
Asunto(s)
Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto , Antropología Forense , Hueso Púbico/anatomía & histología , Hueso Púbico/crecimiento & desarrollo , Sínfisis Pubiana/anatomía & histología , Sínfisis Pubiana/crecimiento & desarrollo , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Antropología Forense/métodos , Medicina Legal/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polonia , Factores de Tiempo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The paper presents the precise description of two methods used for age estimation on the base of single rooted tooth and cranial suture obliteration. Using the methods mentioned above, the age at death of the unknown person was estimated. A comparison of the estimated age and chronological age derived after identification, showed high usefulness of the mentioned methods.
Asunto(s)
Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto/métodos , Determinación de la Edad por los Dientes/métodos , Suturas Craneales/patología , Antropología Forense/métodos , Odontología Forense/métodos , Raíz del Diente/patología , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Masculino , Cómputos Matemáticos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Odontometría/métodos , Radiografía Dental/métodosRESUMEN
The paper presents a review of the most important studies on age estimating from cranial sutures. The main directions of investigations, the results of population studies and research into sex and race impact were presented in a historical context. Particular attention was paid to contemporary, advanced methods of age estimating from cranial suture closure.