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The features of structural and functional organization of the main nuclear compartments and distribution of their key molecular components (chromatin-remodeling protein ATRX, RNA polymerase I and II, and the splicing factor SC35) has been studied in the nuclei of mammary gland cells at different functional states. No significant differences between the nuclei of the cells in the lactating and non-lactating mammary glands have been revealed at the ultrastructural level. At the same time, photometric analysis has revealed higher intensity of nucleoplasmic immunofluorescent staining of mammary glands in the lactating animals when antibodies against the proteins ATRX and SC35 were used. Apparently, this observation reflects the changes of the structural and functional status of chromatin as well as the redistribution of splicing factors between the sites of their deposition and transcription.

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The objective of the present neurohistological study using an experimental model of compressive-ischemic neuropathy (40 white rats) was to estimate the influence of photochromotherapy on the injured nerve filament. It was shown that light of different wavelengths had differential effect on the nerve tissue. The exposure to blue light reduced the severity of traumatic lesion as apparent from a decrease in the number of filaments undergoing degenerative changes and their enhanced argentophilia. Irradiation with red light caused a marked decrease in the degree of vacuolization with moderate argentophilia suggesting normalization of ion transport and recovery of nerve conductivity. Green light irradiation promoted remyelinization of nerve filaments (a marked increase of the number of Schwann cells).

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The purpose of this study was to detect the interrelationship between the increased serum concentration of the medium weight molecules (MWM) and echinocytosis, to establish the rate of echinocyte appearance in blood in endogenous and exogenous intoxications and the dependence of echinocytosis on phosphacol and carbophos doses or the degree of endogenous intoxication. Two series of studies were conducted. In the 1st series, the experiments were conducted on outbred albino rats. Rats of the 1st group received phosphacol in doses equal to 0.5, 5.0 and 50 LD50, while the rats of the 2nd group were given carbophos in doses equal to 0.1 and 1.0 LD50. In the 2nd series, the blood of cats with chronic renal failure at uremic stage was studied (as an example of endogenous intoxication). In all the animals, serum MWM concentrations were measured together with the relative echinocyte content and echinocytes were examined with electrone microscope. The ability of MWM to influence erythrocyte deformation was evaluated. Increased MWM concentrations and echinocyte content was found in association with the increase of intoxication severity, while echinocyte percentage in cats' blood was augmented under the action of MWM.

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Toxic action of some organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (including phosphacol) on the state of microvessels was studied in rats. Cholinesterase was found in endotheliocytes and it was established that phosphacol inhibited this enzyme. This was one of the factors responsible for deformation of the luminal relief of the vessels and for violation of the blood microcirculation. The expression of these effects was different for various organophosphorus compounds.

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Dimedrol and pipolphen, but not loratadine, increase efficacy of the atropine and dipiroxime treatment of mice--an antidote prophylaxis against their intoxication with phosphacol and aminostigmine. The results of experiments confirm a hypothesis that histamine participates in the formation of secondary toxicity reactions in the case of heavy poisoning with anticholinesterase agents.

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Poisoning with phosphacol causes dose--dependent decrease of blood flow speed in small vessels of mesoappendix. Administration of LD50 of phosphacole results in blood stagnation, simultaneous blood pressure fall, which leads to death of part of the animals. Electron microscopic study revealed the presence of acetyl and buthyryl cholinesterase in endotheliocytes of mesoappendicular capillaries, the activity of which was completely suppressed by administration of LD50 of phosphacol. 0,0-dimethyl-0 (2,2-dichlorvinyl) phosphate LD10 caused the damage of endotheliocyte surface. It was suggested that endothelial cholino-receptors that are activated through the rise of redundant acetyl-choline level in blood on the background of cholinesterase inhibition participate in the mechanism of pathological reactions described. Such variant of toxic effect was characterized as distant.

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Administration of the acetylcholine esterase antagonist aminostigmin increased the number of neutrophils in the estrus phase and the number of lymphocytes in the diestrus phase in rats. Histamine decreased both the neutrophils and lymphocytes at all stages of the estrus cycle in the uterus endometrium.

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Scanning electron microscopy showed that the capillary endothelial cells of rats poisoned by O,O-dimethyl-O(2,2-dichlorvinyl) phosphate swell and become wrinkled, while some of the cells acquire fenestrae. In 24 h. these changes become weaker. Mass deformity of erythrocytes was seen at the same time and lasted less than 24 h. Since the capillary endothelium and the erythrocytes are devoid of cholinergic innervation but possess cholinoreceptors, the occurring effects may be explained by the distant action of acetylcholine accumulating in the blood in poisoning by cholinestarase inhibitors.

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Different populations of sympathetic neurons exerting modulating influence on neurons of nervous plexuses of proper metasympathetic nervous system of the uterus in albino laboratory rats were detected using the method on retrograde transport of fluorescent marker primulin. Following the injection of the marker into uterovaginal plexus, labelled neurons were found as aggregations in caudal mesenterial sympathetic ganglia, ganglia of coeliac plexus, renal ganglia and ganglia of coeliac trunk. The structure of nervous paths of external control of uterus functioning was analysed.

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It was established that in accordance with certain phases of sexual cycle (menstrual cycle in women and estral cycle in rats) on the background of hormone action at follicular and luteal phase the surface of epitheliocytes acquires specific relief (formation and degradation of microvilli appropriately in first and second halves of the cycle, accordingly). Disturbance of cyclic change of the relief of apical surface of epitheliocytes of the endometrium, persistence of high binding activity of the cationic dye and formation of intercellular clefts were demonstrated in developing endometriosis, which significantly interferes with the reproductive function. This was suggested to be an unfavourable result of cytotoxic effect of autoimmune processes that develop due to implantation of cells of endometrium in abdominal cavity and initiation of cooperative cellular response, which seems to be morphologically demonstrated by significant increase in number of macrophages in tissues of the uterus and in menstrual discharge.

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By method of scanning electron microscopy erythrocyte structure was studied in rats in carbophos poisoning. Following up to 76% acetylcholinesterase inhibition with distinct symptoms of intoxication nearly 30% of erythrocytes were deformed and tended to aggregate. Observation of blood circulation in vessels of pia mater revealed formation of erythrocyte conglomerations in vascular bed. Erythrocytes get stuck in small vessels, disturbing blood microcirculation. Supposedly, obstruction of the smallest vessels with conglomerations is one of the reasons of exotoxic shock development and low efficiency of treatment of carbophos poisoning by means of specific antidotal cholinolytic drugs and cholinesterase reactivators.

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The data were obtained with the aid of extracellular recording of unit activity in the cardial, enteral and respiratory parts of the metasympathetic nervous system, staining of the neural tissue preparations of atrial walls, intestine and lower part of the guinea pig trachea. The neurons were shown to be very sensitive to the main homeostatic contants: pH of the perfusion solution, its temperature and the grade of oxygenation. These structures were shown to take a direct part in maintenance of the constancy and stability of the organism inner milieu. Sympathetic nervous system differs from the above system in that the former is the system of transmission, defence, mobilisation of resources which is necessary for active interaction of the organism with ambient milieu.

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Effects of a few pharmacological agents (ouabain, proserine, atropine) upon absorption velocity in intestinal epithelium, were studied in lower vertebrates. Mechanisms of the intestinal epithelium response to osmotic irritants and regulation of this process by the enteric portion of the metasympathetic nervous system, are discussed.

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Reaction of the gastrointestinal tract epithelium of Siberian salmon kept in fresh and salt water exposed to the effect of irreversible cholinaestherase inhibitor was studied by means of transmissive and scanning electron microscopy. Excessive secretory processes of cells, tetanus of the digestive tract smooth muscles and elements of the epitheliocyte, swelling and vesiculation of cytoplasm and other osmotic effects were noted. Different changes were discovered after poisoning in fish, kept in fresh and salt water.

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Initial stages of animal poisoning with phosphacole and carbophos are accompanied by growth of erythrocytes in size and considerable changes of their surface shape, which disappear in 15 min--4 hrs regardless of the remaining cholinesterase activity inhibition. The phenomenon of erythrocytes' deformation is reproducible in in vitro experiments under the conditions of simultaneous inhibition of cholinesterase activity and exposure to acetylcholine with concentration of 1 x 10(-8) M and higher.

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