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Twenty-eight consecutive patients undergoing cervical myelography were examined with either iohexol (14) or iotrolan (14). Just before the myelography a cranial CT was performed and control CT (3-5 slices) examinations were performed three, six, 24 and 48 hours afterwards. In all 28 patients CT showed intracranial contrast medium distribution after cervical myelography. The contrast medium distributed mainly in the subarachnoid space, first to the basal cisterns and the insular fissures, and to the 4th ventricle. The densities in the subarachnoid spaces were significantly higher after iotrolan than iohexol in the basal cisterns three and six hours after myelography, and in the 4th ventricle. The subcortical density was still increasing 48 hours after iotrolanmyelography while the subcortical density reached the maximum 24 hours after iohexolmyelography. Following cervical myelography the contrast media iohexol and iotrolan distribute intracranially and iotrolan seems to be eliminated more slowly than iohexol.

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Following iotrolan cervical myelography 14 consecutive patients were evaluated with respect to intracranial contrast distribution and elimination, side effects, EEG-changes and psychometric assessments. The contrast medium is distributed in the subarachnoid space, in the ventricles and finally extracellularly in the cortex. Headache was the most prevalent side effect, occurring in half of the patients, 43% of "severe" grade. Eight patients showed mild nonspecific EEG-changes and all patients showed neuropsychologic disturbances.

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The amount of effused blood following a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) was estimated in 48 patients by cerebral computerized tomographic scanning. The cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) was calculated as arteriovenous difference for oxygen multiplied by mean cerebral blood flow measured by the 133-Xe inhalation technique. A significant negative correlation was observed between CMRO2 and amount of subarachnoid blood, with additional reduction in CMRO2 in case of ventricular bleeding. Cerebral blood flow on admission, opposed to CMRO2, showed no correlation to amount of blood on CT scan. A correlation was observed for blood flow measured at day 5 and further on, indicating a restored coupling between flow and metabolism. The clinical (Hunt) grade on admission and the outcome correlated to the amount of blood. These observations suggest that the acute reduction in CMRO2 following a SAH is mainly determined by the amount of blood escaping during the aneurysm rupture, and that the cerebral blood flow level a few days after SAH mainly is determined by the initial reduction in oxygen uptake.

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Four radiologists evaluated the internal and external atrophy of 94 patients into four grades. The CT scans were evaluated three times without measuring procedures in order to determine the inter- and intraobserver variation. In the third evaluation referential scans were used. A considerable inter- and intraobserver variation was experienced. When using referential scans, both inter- and intraobserver variation was reduced to two consecutive grades. In cases where the estimation of atrophy is of specific importance the visual procedure is not reliable.

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Seven patients with one or two lead shots retained in the appendix were identified by radiography. For each case, two sex- and age-matched control patients without lead shot in the appendix were found. None of the 7 patients with lead shot in the appendix had blood lead levels (median 0.55 mumol/l) approaching the toxic levels, but they averaged almost twice the levels of the controls (median 0.29 mumol/l). Thus, lead shots may add to individual lead exposures, and blood lead analysis should be performed, at least when more than a few lead shots are present.

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Radiographs of 100 randomly chosen femoral neck fractures were assessed by eight observers using Garden's classification. The radiographs were classified identically by all eight in only 22 cases. Another 45 cases were classified by some observers as undisplaced fractures (Stages 1 and 2) and by others as displaced fractures (Stages 3 and 4). Between the different observers the number of displaced fractures varied from 63 to 89. These results show that observers had a relatively poor ability to delineate the various stages of Garden's classification.

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Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 181 patients with dementia probably caused by organic solvents. No treatable causes of dementia were revealed. All but one of the patients had dementia symptoms for more than one year. Only three patients had focal neurologic signs. No indication for cranial CT was found in this group of patients, owing to the fact that no treatable causes of dementia were revealed.

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To evaluate the possibility to detect foreign bodies in superficial soft tissue a comparative study, including computed tomography, ultrasonography and plain radiography, is presented. Nine different materials, ranging in size from 2 x 3 to 3 x 10 mm, were inserted into pork muscle. All foreign bodies were detected and exact location was achieved using computed tomography and ultrasonography. In plain radiography wood was not visualised and exact location of all foreign bodies was not obtained. According to our results computed tomography and ultrasonography is useful in detecting foreign bodies in superficial soft tissue.

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A study of ultrasonographic guided pinpointing of foreign bodies inserted into pork muscle tissue is presented. The optimal results were obtained using two needles inserted at an angle of approximately 90 degrees to each other and crossing just underneath the foreign body. This method facilitates surgical removal of foreign bodies considerably.

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Eighty-nine patients, all below the age of 50 and under suspicion of dementia underwent computed tomography. The degree of cerebral atrophy was visually estimated and also calculated using different ventricular diameters and the mean width of four cortical sulci. The degree of dementia was evaluated by a neurological specialist. No correlation between internal atrophy and the degree of dementia was found. In spite of a significant correlation between external atrophy and the degree of dementia, there was such overlap and underestimation that the value of computed tomography in quantifying atrophy in younger persons is very limited. In none of the patients did computed tomography disclose any organic cause of dementia.

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55 rather young patients suspected of dementia were examined via CT to assess the comparative value of various CT examination methods to determine cerebral atrophy. The patients were assessed clinically and classified as normal (24), slightly demented (21) and moderately demented (10). There were no severely demented patients. The parameters measured consisted of several diameters and indexes as well as the volume of the ventricular system and of the subarachnoidal space. The atrophy level was also determined visually. With the exception of the breadth of the third ventricle there was no correlation between internal cerebral atrophy and the level of dementia. Neither the mean breadths of four external sulci nor the volume of the subarachnoidal space (both being representative of external atrophy) showed any significant correlation with the degree of dementia of the patients on the levels 0.005 or 0.025, respectively. However, the results were not better than those obtained by visual assessment of external atrophy. Reasons are discussed why objective measurements do not yield reliable results.

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Our present-day knowledge concerning the clinico-chemical and radiological findings in adult respiratory distress syndrome are described. Three typical case histories have been selected to illustrate this condition; they were due to multiple trauma or sepsis. It is stressed that radiology is in a key position for making the diagnosis and for observing the course of the illness.

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Two case reports demonstrate the value of CT examination in abdominal aortic aneurysms with complications where the diagnosis is doubtful although an acute operation is not indicated. The method is non-invasive, rapid, does not require anaesthesia, and yields detailed anatomical information on vascular and other structures as desired. It is variable in accordance with the problems to be solved.

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