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This study evaluated the accuracy of four height-based equations: blood pressure to height ratio (BPHR), modified BPHR (MBPHR), new modified BPHR (NMBPHR), and height-based equations (HBE) for screening elevated BP in children and adolescents in the SAYCARE study. We measured height and BP of 829 children and adolescents from seven South American cities. Receiving operating curves were used to assess formula performance to diagnose elevated BP in comparison to the 2017 clinical guideline. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were calculated for the four screening formulas. The diagnostic agreement was evaluated with the kappa coefficient. The HBE equation showed the maximum sensitivity (100%) in children, both for boys and girls, and showed the best performance results, with a very high NPV (>99%) and high PPV (>60%) except for female children (53.8%). In adolescents, the highest sensitivity (100%) was achieved with the NMBPHR for both sexes. Kappa coefficients indicated that HBE had the highest agreement with the gold standard diagnostic method (between 0.70 and 0.75), except for female children (0.57). Simplified methods are friendlier than the percentile gold standard tables. The HBE equation showed better performance than the other formulas in this Latin American pediatric population.

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BACKGROUND: Multicenter studies from Europe and the United States have developed specifically standardized questionnaires for assessing and comparing sedentary behavior, but they cannot be directly applied for South American countries. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the South American Youth Cardiovascular and Environmental (SAYCARE) sedentary behavior questionnaire. METHODS: Children and adolescents from seven South American cities were involved in the test-retest reliability (children: n = 55; adolescents: n = 106) and concurrent validity (children: n = 93; adolescents: n = 94) studies. The SAYCARE sedentary behavior questionnaire was administered twice with two-week interval and the behaviors were parent-reported for children and self-reported for adolescents. Questions included time spent watching television, using a computer, playing console games, passive playing (only in children) and studying (only in adolescents) over the past week. Accelerometer was used for at least 3 days, including at least one weekend day. We compared values of sedentary time, using accelerometers, by quartiles of reported sedentary behavior time and their sum. RESULTS: The reliability of sedentary behavior time was moderate for children (rho ≥0.45 and k ≥ 0.40) and adolescents (rho ≥0.30). Comparisons between the questionnaire and accelerometer showed a low overall agreement, with the questionnaire systematically underreporting sedentary time in children (at least, - 332.6 ± 138.5 min/day) and adolescents (at least, - 399.7 ± 105.0 min/day). CONCLUSION: The SAYCARE sedentary behavior questionnaire has acceptable reliability in children and adolescents. However, the findings of current study indicate that SAYCARE questionnaire is not surrogate of total sedentary time.

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Resumen Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) comparten factores de riesgo conductuales y metabólicos con las enfermedades bucales y ambas representan un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia ENT y sus factores de riesgo conductuales y metabólicos en personas que concurrieron a la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de la República. Metodos: Estudio transversal en el que se aplicó un cuestionario sobre características sociodemográficas y hábitos vinculados a factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, de presión arterial y glicemia capilar. Resultados: Fueron encuestados 602 individuos Conclusiones: En función de las prevalencias elevadas de varios factores de riesgo, se recomienda la instalación de un programa preventivo-educativo en las salas de espera de la Facultad.

Resumo As doenças não transmissíveis (DNT) compartem fatores de risco comportamentais e metabólicos com as doenças bucais, as duas representam um problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência DNT e os fatores de risco comportamentais e metabólicos em pessoas que concorreram à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade da República. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, onde foi aplicado um questionário relativo às características sociodemográficas e hábitos ligados com fatores de risco comportamentais. Se realizaram medições antropométricas, de pressão arterial e glicemia capilar. Resultados: Foram pesquisados 602 indivíduos. Constatou-se uma alta prevalência de inatividade física, ingestão problemática de álcool, consumo excessivo de sal, hipertensão e diabetes. Estes valores foram acima dos encontrados a nível nacional. Conclusão: Dada a alta prevalência encontrada de vários fatores de risco, recomenda-se a instalação de um programa educacional-preventivo nas salas de espera da Faculdade.

Summary Non-communicable diseases (NCD) share behavioral and metabolic risk factors with oral diseases and both represent a public health problem. Objective: to find out the prevalence of NCD and its behavioral and metabolic risk factors in people who attend at College of Odontology of the University of the Republic. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was conducted and a questionnaire related to socio-demograhic characteristics and habits linked to behavioral risk factors was applied. Anthropometric measurements of arterial pressure and capillary glucose were taken, Results: The final sample were 602 individuals. A high prevalence of physical inactivity, problematic alcohol intake, excessive salt consumption, hypertension and diabetes was found. These figures were larger than those found at the national level. Conclusions: Due to the high prevalence of various risk factors, the installation of a preventive-educational program in the waiting rooms of the Faculty is recommended.

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INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environmental (SAYCARE) feasibility study aims to develop valid and reliable indicators to investigate health-related behavior and nutritional status in children and adolescents. Anthropometric measurements are one of the evaluated indicators in the study. The accuracy of the anthropometric data is very important and relies in the quality of the measurements. Objective: to describe the intra-observer reliability of ten anthropometric measurements: weight, height, circumferences (neck, arm, waist, hip) and skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, biceps and suprailiac) of children and adolescents from six South American cities: Lima, Medellin, Montevideo, Santiago, San Pablo and Teresina. Methods: prior to the study, fieldworkers from the seven centers participated in central training to ensure the application of standardized procedures in the anthropometric measurements. Intra-observer precision, technical error of measurement (TEM) and coefficient of reliability (R) were estimated for each measurement. Results: reliability of weight and height was above 99% in almost all cities. TEM for skinfold thickness was below 1.4 mm in children and 2.13 mm in adolescents, while reliability was above 95% in most of the skinfold measurements. TEM for circumferences was below 1.8 cm in children and 0.64 cm in adolescents, while reliability was above 99% in almost all circumferences. Conclusions: reliability of the anthropometric measurements in this study was high. In comparison with similar European or American studies, the reliability of the measurements taken in our study was, in most cases, similar or even higher.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el estudio piloto South American Youth/Child cARdiovascular and Environmental (SAYCARE) tiene como objetivo desarrollar indicadores válidos y confiables para investigar el estado nutricional y las conductas vinculadas a la salud en niños y adolescentes. Uno de estos indicadores son las mediciones antropométricas. La precisión de los datos antropométricos es muy importante y se basa en la calidad con que se toman las mediciones. Objetivos: describir la confiabilidad intraobservador de diez mediciones antropométricas: peso, talla, circunferencias (cuello, brazo, cintura, cadera) y pliegues (trÍceps, subscapular, bÍceps y suprailIaco) de niños y adolescentes de seis ciudades de Sudamérica: Lima, Medellín, Montevideo, Santiago, San Pablo and Teresina. Métodos: previo al estudio, los trabajadores de campo de los seis centros participaron de un entrenamiento centralizado, para asegurar la aplicación de procedimientos estandarizados en la toma de las mediciones antropométricas. Para determinar la precisión intraobservador, se estimó el error técnico de medición (TEM) y el coeficiente de confiabilidad (R) para cada medición. Resultados: la confiabilidad de las medidas de peso y la talla estuvo por encima del 99% en casi todas las ciudades. El TEM para el grosor de los pliegues estuvo debajo de 1,4 mm en los niños y de 2,13 mm en los adolescentes, mientras que la confiabilidad fue superior al 95% en la mayoría de las mediciones de los pliegues. El TEM para las circunferencias estuvo por debajo de 1,8 cm en los niños y de 0,64 cm en los adolescentes, mientras que la confiabilidad fue superior al 99% en casi todas las circunferencias. Conclusiones: la confiabilidad de las mediciones antropométricas en este estudio fue alta. Comparada con estudios similares realizados en Europa y Estados Unidos, la confiabilidad de las medidas tomadas en nuestro estudio es, en la mayoría de los casos, similar o aún más elevada.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and validity of body weight (BW) and body image (BI) perception reported by parents (in children) and by adolescents in a South American population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. BW perception was evaluated by the question, 'Do you think you/your child are/is: severely wasted, wasted, normal weight, overweight, obese?' BI perception was evaluated using the Gardner scale. To evaluate reliability, BW and BI perceptions were reported twice, two weeks apart. To evaluate validity, the BW and BI perceptions were compared with WHO BMI Z-scores. Kappa and Kendall's tau-c coefficients were obtained. SETTING: Public and private schools and high schools from six countries of South America (Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Chile, Brazil).ParticipantsChildren aged 3-10 years (n 635) and adolescents aged 11-17 years (n 400). RESULTS: Reliability of BW perception was fair in children's parents (κ=0·337) and substantial in adolescents (κ=0·709). Validity of BW perception was slight in children's parents (κ=0·176) and fair in adolescents (κ=0·268). When evaluating BI, most children were perceived by parents as having lower weight. Reliability of BI perception was slight in children's parents (κ=0·124) and moderate in adolescents (κ=0·599). Validity of BI perception was poor in children's parents (κ=-0·018) and slight in adolescents (κ=0·023). CONCLUSIONS: Reliability of BW and BI perceptions was higher in adolescents than in children's parents. Validity of BW perception was good among the parents of the children and adolescents with underweight and normal weight.

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Resumen: Introducción: la anemia ferropénica, las alteraciones nutricionales y las parasitosis intestinales, principalmente giardiasis y helmintiasis transmitidas por el suelo (HTS) son problemas prevalentes en Uruguay, que determinan consecuencias en la salud individual y colectiva. Objetivo: determinar prevalencia de anemia, alteraciones nutricionales y enteroparasitosis en niños de 6-48 meses, de una población vulnerable de Montevideo, establecer posibles sinergismos y analizar presencia de factores de riesgo. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Población: niños de 6-48 meses pertenecientes a un programa de apoyo a hogares vulnerables de Montevideo. Estudiantes y docentes de Medicina y Nutrición capacitados concurrieron a los domicilios y mediante encuestas recolectaron variables demográficas, ambientales, epidemiológicas, clínicas y hábitos, entre octubre/2014 a mayo/2015. Realizaron medidas antropométricas, hemoglobina capilar y coproparasitario. Análisis de datos: EPIinfo2000 complementada con SPSS19. Análisis estadístico: uni o multivariados. Asociaciones entre dos variables: test de Z o chi². Asociaciones entre más de dos variables: regresiones múltiples. Protocolo aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Medicina. Resultados: N: 136 niños. Prevalencia de anemia: 33%, bajo peso: 3,7%, retraso de talla: 18% y sobrepeso/obesidad: 4,5%. Albergaban parásitos patógenos: 60% de los estudiados; giardiasis: 46% y HTS: 23%, poliparasitados: 13%. Condiciones que presentaron asociación con HTS: zona inundable, alternativas de saneamiento no mejorado y eliminación de residuos a cielo abierto. Asociaciones significativas encontradas: entre HTS y anemia; y entre HTS y déficit de talla (grupo de 1-2 años). Conclusiones: los resultados son preocupantes dada la alta prevalencia de anemia, alteraciones nutricionales y parasitosis en esta población. Urge la planificación y ejecución de medidas con participación multidisciplinaria, interinstitucional y comunitaria.

Summary: Introduction: iron deficiency anemia, nutritional alterations and intestinal parasitic diseases, mainly giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (HTS) are prevalent problems in Uruguay, which determine consequences for individual and collective health. Objective: to determine the prevalence of anemia, nutritional alterations and enteroparasitosis in children of 6-48 months of a vulnerable population of Montevideo, to establish possible synergisms and to analyze the presence of risk factors. Material and methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study. Population: children aged 6-48 months belonging to a program to support vulnerable homes in Montevideo. Students and teachers of Medicine and Nutrition trained, attended the homes and through surveys, collected demographic, environmental, epidemiological, clinical and habits variables, between October / 2014-May / 2015. They performed anthropometric measures, capillary hemoglobin and coproparasitary. Data analysis: EPIinfo2000 complemented with SPSS19. Statistical analysis: uni or multivariate. Associations between 2 variables: test of Z or chi². Associations between more than 2 variables: multiple regressions. Protocol approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine. Results: N: 136 children. Prevalence of anemia: 33%, low weight: 3.7%, size retardation: 18% and overweight / obesity: 4.5%. They harbored pathogenic parasites: 60% of those studied; Giardiasis: 46% and HTS: 23%, polyparasites: 13%. Conditions that presented association with HTS: flood zone, alternatives of sanitation not improved and elimination of open pit. Significant associations found: between HTS and anemia; and between HTS and height deficit (group of 1-2 years). Conclusions: the results are worrying given the high prevalence of anemia, nutritional alterations and parasites in this population. The planning and implementation of measures with multidisciplinary, inter-institutional and community participation is urgently needed.

Resumo: Introdução: a anemia ferropênica, as alterações nutricionais e as parasitoses intestinais, principalmente giardíase e helmintíase transmitida pelo solo (HTS) são problemas prevalentes no Uruguai e têm consequências para a saúde individual e coletiva. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de anemia, alterações nutricionais e enteroparasitoses em crianças de 6 a 48 meses numa população vulnerável em Montevidéu, estabelecer possíveis sinergias e analisar a presença de fatores de risco. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal. População: crianças de 6 a 48 meses pertencentes a um programa de apoio a famílias vulneráveis em Montevidéu. Alunos e professores de Medicina e Nutrição foram treinados, frequentaram as residências e por meio de pesquisas coletaram variáveis demográficas, ambientais, epidemiológicas, clínicas e de hábito, entre outubro de 2014 e maio de 2015. Realizaram medidas antropométricas, hemoglobina capilar e coproparasitológico. Análise de dados: EPIinfo2000 complementado com SPSS19. Análise estatística: uni ou multivariada. Associações entre duas variáveis: teste de Z ou chi². Associações entre mais de duas variáveis: regressões múltiplas. Protocolo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Faculdade de Medicina. Resultados: N: 136 crianças. Prevalência de anemia: 33%, baixo peso: 3,7%, atraso na altura: 18% sobrepeso / obesidade: 4,5%. Parásitos patogênicos: 60%; Giardíase: 46% e HTS: 23%, poliparasitizados: 13%. Condições que apresentaram associação com HTS: zonas de inundação, alternativas precárias de saneamento e disposição de resíduos a céu aberto. Associações significativas encontradas: entre HTS e anemia; e entre HTS e déficit de altura (grupo de 1-2 anos). Conclusões: os resultados são preocupantes, dada a alta prevalência de anemia, alterações nutricionais e parasitoses nessa população. É fundamental o planejamento e execução de medidas tais como participação multidisciplinar, interinstitucional e comunitária.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to test the reliability and validity of the new and innovative physical activity (PA) questionnaire. METHODS: Subsamples from the South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environment Study (SAYCARE) study were included to examine its reliability (children: n = 161; adolescents: n = 177) and validity (children: n = 82; adolescents: n = 60). The questionnaire consists of three dimensions of PA (leisure, active commuting, and school) performed during the last week. To assess its validity, the subjects wore accelerometers for at least 3 days and 8 h/d (at least one weekend day). The reliability was analyzed by correlation coefficients. In addition, Bland-Altman analysis and a multilevel regression were applied to estimate the measurement bias, limits of agreement, and influence of contextual variables. RESULTS: In children, the questionnaire showed consistent reliability (ρ = 0.56) and moderate validity (ρ = 0.46), and the contextual variable variance explained 43.0% with -22.9 min/d bias. In adolescents, the reliability was higher (ρ = 0.76) and the validity was almost excellent (ρ = 0.88), with 66.7% of the variance explained by city level with 16.0 min/d PA bias. CONCLUSIONS: The SAYCARE PA questionnaire shows acceptable (in children) to strong (in adolescents) reliability and strong validity in the measurement of PA in the pediatric population from low- to middle-income countries.

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Introducción: las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, fundamentalmente la enfermedad cardiovascular, la diabetes, el cáncer y las enfermedades respiratorias, son la primera causa de muerte en los países desarrollados y el Uruguay no escapa a esta realidad. El 30% de esas muertes se produce antes de los 60 años. Las discapacidades generadas por estas enfermedades tienen un alto impacto social y también económico. Los principales factores de riesgo conductuales para el desarrollo de estas enfermedades se relacionan con los estilos de vida: alimentación inadecuada, sedentarismo y consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Estas conductas llevan a desarrollar factores de riesgo metabólicos: obesidad, dislipemias, hipertensión arterial y prediabetes. Estos factores de riesgo pueden ser modificados, pudiéndose así prevenir las propias enfermedades no transmisibles. El lugar de trabajo está reconocido mundialmente como un marco adecuado para la promoción de salud. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de factores de riesgo conductuales y metabólicos en funcionarios de una institución bancaria estatal del Uruguay. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, sobre una muestra probabilística de los funcionarios de una institución bancaria. Se aplicó cuestionario y se realizó antropometría. Para estudiar la asociación de los factores de riesgo se usaron tablas de contingencia y modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: se encuestaron 136 funcionarios. La distribución por sexo fue pareja, la edad promedio fue de 48 años. El 16% refirió fumar actualmente; 58% beber alcohol en forma semanal; 85% consumir fruta y verdura por debajo de las recomendaciones, y 46% no realizar actividad física. El 63% presentó sobrepeso u obesidad; 30% declaró ser hipertenso; 33% tener una dislipemia, y 12% presentar prediabetes. La obesidad abdominal se asoció con mayor riesgo de desarrollar hipertensión arterial y prediabetes. El tabaquismo y la inactividad física son menos frecuentes en esta población que en poblaciones similares en otros países de la región, sin embargo los factores de riesgo metabólicos tienen casi la misma prevalencia. Conclusiones: si bien no se trata de una población representativa del país, se hizo una comparación con la situación nacional y en relación con la población adulta uruguaya se encontró una mayor prevalencia de obesidad, hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, prediabetes, sedentarismo, consumo inadecuado de frutas y verduras y consumo de alcohol en forma semanal. A su vez, esta población presentó una prevalencia menor de tabaquismo, sobreagregado de sodio, consumo de alimentos que son una fuente de grasas trans e ingesta de bebidas azucaradas. Estos resultados representan un aporte para futuras intervenciones.

Introduction: Non communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and respiratory diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries and Uruguay does not escape this reality. 30% of these deaths occur before age 60 years. Disability generated by these diseases have a high social and economic impact. The main behavioral risk factors for the development of these diseases are related to lifestyle: poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption and smoking. These behaviors lead to developing metabolic risk factors: obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and prediabetes. These risk factors can be modified, preventing the non-communicable diseases development. The workplace is recognized worldwide as a framework for health promotion. Objective: To make a situation diagnosis of the prevalence of behavioral and metabolic risk factors in employees of a state bank in Uruguay. Methodology: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, based on a random sample of the bank employees. A survey and anthropometric measures were performed. To study the association of risk factors contingency tables and logistic regression models were used. Results: 136 employees were surveyed. The gender distribution was similar, the average age was 48 years. 16% reported currently smoking, 58% drink alcohol weekly, 85% consume fruits and vegetables below the recommendations and 46% did not do physical activity. 63% had overweight or were obese, 30% reported hypertension, 33% high cholesterol and 12% prediabetes. Abdominal obesity was associated with increased risk of developing high blood pressure and prediabetes. Smoking and physical inactivity behave better in this population than in similar populations of other countries in the region, however the metabolic risk factors have almost the same prevalence. Conclusions: Even if not representative of the whole country, compared to the adult Uruguayan population this population has a higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, prediabetes, sedentary lifestyle, inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables and alcohol consumption on a weekly basis. In turn, presented lower prevalence of smoking, added sodium intake and consumption of foods that contain trans fats and sugary drinks. These results represent a contribution for future interventions.

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