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Fisheries have garnered attention from researchers throughout the last several decades. This sector's contribution has been recognised globally, leading to exponential growth in the number of research studies published in this area. Among all the dimensions from which this field has been explored, a critical theme under focus has been the drivers in the fisheries domain. Therefore, this study aims to provide a wholesome view of such studies that have explored drivers in the context of fisheries using bibliometric analysis and text-mining tools. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, 322 studies on the theme were extracted from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The studies extracted were analysed using VOSviewer and Orange software. The analysis uncovered the top journals and publishers in this domain and revealed the hidden patterns in the existing literature. The researchers posit that rather than judging the growth solely based on the number of citations and publications over the period, focus should be concentrated towards identifying themes that have gained immense attention from researchers over the years. The results indicate a shifting trend in recent times, centered on topics related to sustainability and climate change, among many more. The findings have important implications for researchers to make valuable contributions in this domain.

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When patients lack suitable superficial veins in the upper extremity to create an arteriovenous fistula, surgeons are faced with a decision between a synthetic graft or autologous fistula using deep veins, such as a brachial artery to brachial vein arteriovenous fistula. In patients with a high radial artery origin (or brachioradial artery) and inadequate superficial veins, arteriovenous fistula creation will be even more challenging. In the present report, we describe a technique used in three such patients who underwent successful staged brachioradial artery to brachioradial vein arteriovenous fistula creation.

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INTRODUCTION: The 2017 surgical infection society (SIS) guidelines recommend 4 days of antibiotic therapy after source control for complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs). Inappropriate exposure to antibiotics has a negative impact on outcomes in individual patients and populations. The goal of this study was to evaluate our institution's practice patterns and adherence to current antibiotic guidelines. METHODS: Medical records from 2010 to 2018 for cIAIs were examined. Complicated appendicitis and complicated diverticulitis cases were included. Exclusion criteria included other etiologies of IAIs, pediatric cases, and cancer operations. RESULTS: Fifty-nine complicated appendicitis cases and 96 complicated diverticulitis cases were identified. For all cases, antibiotic duration prior to publication of the SIS guidelines was significantly longer than post-SIS duration (appendicitis: 12.6 ± 1.1 days pre-SIS [n = 37] vs 9.0 ± 1.1 days post-SIS [n = 22], P = .01; diverticulitis: 15.1 ± 0.8 days pre-SIS [n = 49] vs 11.2 ± 0.5 post-SIS [n = 47], P = .04). Surgical management (SM) was associated with shorter duration of postsource control antibiotic exposure compared with percutaneous drainage (PD) for both appendicitis (SM 10.0 ± 1.2 days vs PD 13.4 ± 1.0 days, P = .02) and diverticulitis (SM 12.8 ± 1.5 days vs PD 16.0 ± 1.5, P = .07). Patients with complicated appendicitis received shorter duration of antibiotics when managed by acute care surgeons compared to general surgeons (8.4 ± 1.1 vs 11.9 ± 0.8, P = .02). CONCLUSION: Despite improvements after the SIS guidelines' publication, the antibiotic duration is still longer than recommended. Surgical intervention and management by acute care specialists were associated with a shorter duration of antibiotic exposure.

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BACKGROUND: Positive resection margins are associated with worse survival after surgery for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). We aimed to identify risk factors for positive margins post-resection. METHODS: The NCDB was queried for ACC patients from 2006 to 2015. Patients with positive versus negative resection margins post-surgery were compared using Chi-square tests. Survival based on adjuvant treatment was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: 1,973 patients with ACC were identified, 217 (11.0%) with positive margins. Multivariable analysis identified extra-adrenal extension (HR 4.92, p < 0.001), lymph node metastases (HR 2.64, p = 0.001), and distant metastases (HR 1.53, p = 0.03) as risk factors for positive margins. No significant difference in margin status existed between patients who had an open versus minimally invasive procedure (p = 0.6). Positive margin patients receiving adjuvant radiation (p = 0.007) or combined chemo-radiation (p = 0.001) had the longest survival. CONCLUSION: No modifiable risk factors were identified, but patients with positive margins receiving adjuvant radiation or chemo-radiation had the longest survival.

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BACKGROUND: Many current guidelines recommend nonoperative management for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors <2 cm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization and outcomes of resection for these pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the United States. METHODS: Using the National Cancer Database (2004-2014), 3,243 cases of T1 (≤2.0 cm) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors were identified. Additional patient and tumor characteristics were examined. Multivariate models were used to identify factors that predicted resection and to assess patient survival after resection. RESULTS: 75% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors measuring 0 to 1.0 cm and 80% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors measuring >1.0 and ≤2.0 cm were resected. Eighty-four pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors were functional, of which 82% were resected. Variables influencing resection included positive lymph nodes, tumor in body or tail of pancreas, well or moderately differentiated tumors, and resection at academic medical centers (odds ratio 1.5-4.9). When controlling for other variables, patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 1 to 2 cm who underwent resection had a prolonged 5-year survival rate (hazard ratio 0.51, confidence interval 0.34-0.75) when compared with those who did not undergo resection. This survival benefit of resection was not found for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 0 to 1 cm (hazard ratio = 0.63, confidence interval 0.36-1.11). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to many current recommendations, most patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors ≤2.0 cm undergo surgical resection in the United States. A survival benefit was found for resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 1 to 2 cm, suggesting that current recommendations should perhaps be revised.

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BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Two landmark trials published in 2007 and 2012 showed efficacy for adjuvant mitotane in resectable ACC and etoposide/doxorubicin/cisplatin plus mitotane for unresectable ACC, respectively. In this study, we used the National Cancer Database to examine whether treatment patterns and outcomes changed after these trials. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was used to examine treatment patterns and survival in patients diagnosed with ACC from 2006 to 2015. Treatment modalities were compared within that group and with a historical cohort (1985 to 2005). χ2 tests were performed, and Cox proportional hazards models were created. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2015, 2752 patients were included; 38% of patients (1042) underwent surgery alone, and 31% (859) underwent surgery with adjuvant therapy. Overall 5-year survival rates for all stages after resection were 43% (median, 41 months) in the contemporary cohort and 39% (median, 32 months) in the historical cohort. After 2007, patients who underwent surgery were more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.005), and 5-year survival with adjuvant chemotherapy improved (41% vs 25%; P = 0.02). However, survival did not improve in patients with unresectable tumors after 2011 compared with 2006 to 2011 (P = 0.79). Older age, tumor size ≥10 cm, distant metastases, and positive margins were associated with lower survival after resection (hazard ratio range: 1.39 to 3.09; P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Since 2007, adjuvant therapy has been used more frequently in patients with resected ACC, and survival for these patients has improved but remains low. More effective systemic therapies for patients with ACC, especially those in advanced stages, are desperately needed.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors often present with stage IV disease. Primary tumor resection in these patients remains controversial. Herein, we studied the impact of primary tumor removal, identified variables associated with prolonged survival for each neuroendocrine tumor subtype, and determined factors that influence surgeons to perform primary tumor resection. METHODS: Patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors diagnosed from 2004 to 2014 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Nested Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models were used to assess variables associated with survival and primary resection. RESULTS: A total of 14,510 patients met inclusion criteria. On multivariable analysis, resection of the primary tumor and grade 1 or 2 tumors was associated with prolonged survival in all subtypes (P < .001). Organ-specific variables associated with prolonged survival in patients undergoing primary tumor resection included the following: low grade for all organs; young age for pancreatic, small intestinal, colonic, and rectal neuroendocrine tumor; tumor size for colonic and rectal neuroendocrine tumor; and tumor location for colonic neuroendocrine tumor. Low tumor grade was found to be significantly associated with removal of the primary tumor across all organs. CONCLUSION: This study is the first suggesting that primary tumor resection is associated with prolonged survival for all gastro-entero-pancreatic NETs. Additional variables related to survival for each NET subtype were identified and might help select patients who benefit from primary tumor removal.

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Immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) was referred to previously as idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura and is usually of autoimmune or viral aetiology. Colorectal cancer liver metastasis with concomitant ITP is rare and only three cases have been reported in the English literature. Adverse effects of adjuvant chemotherapy may aggravate ITP. The sequencing of chemotherapy, operation for the primary and liver metastasis, and a decision on splenectomy is important. We present our experience in the management of a 52-year-old man who, having undergone anterior resection one year earlier for carcinoma of the rectum, presented with liver metastasis and ITP. He underwent splenectomy with hepatectomy prior to chemotherapy.

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Choledochal cysts are rare cystic transformations of the biliary tree that are increasingly diagnosed in adult patients. We report here a case of spontaneous rupture of a choledochal cyst in a pregnant young lady with chronic pancreatitis.

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Biliary papillomatosis is a rare condition usually detected on imaging or postoperative histopathology. It may be asymptomatic or present with features of cholangitis. We report the management of a patient presenting with haemobilia.

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Jejunal access loop is fashioned in patients who undergo Roux en Y hepaticojejunostomy and biliary intervention is anticipated on follow up. Post-operative study of the biliary tree through the access loop is usually done under fluoroscopic guidance. We present a series of 20 access loop cholangiograms performed in our institution between August 2004 and November 2008. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the procedure and to highlight the role of CT guidance in procuring access. Access loop was accessed using CT (n = 13), ultrasound (n = 3) or fluoroscopic guidance (n = 4). Fluoroscopy was used for performing cholangiograms and interventions. Twelve studies had balloon plasty of the stricture at anastomotic site or high up in the hepatic ducts. Seven studies showed normal cholangiogram. Plasty was unsuccessful in one study. Technical success in accessing the jejunal access loop was 100%; in cannulation of anastomotic site and balloon plasty it was 95%. One case required two attempts. Procedure-related complications were not seen. All patients who underwent balloon plasty of the stricture were doing well for variable lengths of time. Access loop cholangiogram and interventions are safe and effective. CT guidance in locating/procuring the access loop is a good technique.

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Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm which developed following a cholecystectomy and resulting in upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a rare entity, with only three cases described in the literature. We report the case of a 26-year old man who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding approximately three months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Emergency abdominal angiogram revealed a cystic artery stump pseudoaneurysm, with no evidence of active contrast extravasation. The pseudoaneurysm was coil embolised and the patient had no further bleeding episodes. In this situation an angiogram and embolisation rather than surgery is the preferred mode of management both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The presence of a dilated cystic artery stump on angiogram following cholecystectomy is an "ominous sign", even in the absence of active extravasation of contrast.

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We wish to highlight arterial dissection as an unusual complication during endovascular coiling of a pancreatic pseudoaneurysm. Immediate recognition and prompt corrective measures prevented progression of this serious condition. In our patient, angioplasty prevented further propagation of the dissection and preserved coeliac artery patency.

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BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Many patients present late, and therefore, resections are often palliative in nature. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of resectional operation and the survival advantage of surgical resection in advanced gastric cancer. The effectiveness of palliation and the quality of life following operation for gastric cancer were assessed. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-one patients who underwent operation for gastric cancer at a tertiary centre in South India during a 5-year period between 1999 and 2003, were included in this study. Four sites of tumour spread were used as indicators of incurability in these patients. These were unresectable primary tumour or macroscopic residual primary tumour (T+), unresectable lymph nodal metastasis (L+), unresectable liver metastasis (H+) and peritoneal metastasis (P+). The resectability rate and survival were assessed in relation to these four factors. RESULTS: The resectability rate decreased as the number of sites of tumour spread increased. The overall survival was significantly better in the subgroup of patients who had a resectional operation (total gastrectomy or subtotal gastrectomy), as opposed to the subgroup who had non-resectional operation (exploratory laparotomy or laparotomy with gastrojejunostomy) (P = 0.0003). This survival advantage of resectional operation disappeared when more than two sites of tumour spread were present. The quality of life was significantly better when a resection operation was carried out. CONCLUSION: In advanced gastric cancer, palliative resection has a survival advantage if the tumour spread is restricted to two or less sites. Patients who undergo resectional operation have better palliation of symptoms and their postoperative quality of life is significantly better.

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The Abdominal Cocoon is a very rare cause of small bowel obstruction. It is caused by encapsulation of the small bowel by a fibrous membrane. This tropical disease, seen in young females, has also been reported in males. This is one of the largest series of the Abdominal Cocoon, with five new patients (3 males and 2 females) being reported. The traditional surgical treatment of choice is by lysis of adhesions. All patients in this case series had small bowel intubation done in addition to adhesiolysis. Although small bowel intubation is an established procedure for various causes of recurrent small bowel obstruction, to our knowledge this is the first report of its use in the management of the Abdominal Cocoon. We report our surgical technique in the management of this rare disease.

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BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension develops in 15-20% of patients with benign bile duct stricture. Hepaticojejunostomy in such patients is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Preliminary portosystemic shunting has been suggested to reduce intra-operative bleeding. We present our experience without preliminary shunting in such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen consecutive cases of biliary stricture with portal hypertension over a 13-year period (1989-2001) were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were operated upon. One patient had a preliminary portosystemic shunt. In another patient, shunt was attempted. One stage hepaticojejunostomy was possible in 11 patients. There were no intra-operative deaths. Nine of the 13 survived and were available for follow-up. One patient had cholangitis. Another had jaundice related both to chronic liver disease and a strictured hepaticojejunostomy. The remaining 7 patients are asymptomatic and anicteric although alkaline phosphatase levels remain elevated in 5 of them. CONCLUSIONS: Hepaticojejunostomy without preliminary portosystemic shunting is possible in patients with portal hypertension and benign biliary stricture with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates.

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A 28-year-old man with heterozygous protein C deficiency presented with Budd-Chiari syndrome resulting from hepatic vein obstruction. Over the next 40 months, standard oral anticoagulant therapy and multiple percutaneous interventions aimed at relieving hepatic vein obstruction could not prevent progression of the disease ultimately to cirrhosis and death. Serial angiography provided unique documentation of the relentless progression of hepatic venous obstruction, which was related to the disease and to iatrogenic factors. Operative findings obtained during unsuccessful mesocaval shunt surgery revealed that venous disease in protein C deficiency can be far more extensive than is clinically anticipated. The ineffectiveness of therapy in this patient may be related to standard oral anticoagulant therapy being insufficient to offset the risk of recurrent thrombosis and progression to an advanced stage of vascular damage.

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Elective surgery for peptic ulcer is becoming rare with the use of more effective medical therapy. However, life threatening complications have not reduced in number. A retrospective study was carried out to compare perforation rates per 10,000 admissions, mortality rates from perforated duodenal ulcers per 10,000 admission and the proportion of patients with perforated duodenal ulcer who died, before and after the introduction of H2 receptor blockers in a large teaching hospital in South India. Perforation rates were not significantly different between the two periods under study. There was a small, but statistically significant (p = 0.047) drop in mortality per 10,000 admissions and a significant drop in proportion of patients with perforated ulcer who died (p = 0.028). Inspite of effective medical therapy, there is a subset of patients with duodenal ulcer who continue to perforate. Efforts should be directed towards identifying this subset and offering them early surgery. Mortality rates have not changed significantly.

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