RESUMEN
Current practical methods for finding the equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd , of protein-small molecule complexes have inherent sources of inaccuracy. Introduced here is "accurate constant via transient incomplete separation" (ACTIS), which appears to be free of inherent sources of inaccuracy. Conceptually, a short plug of the pre-equilibrated protein-small molecule mixture is pressure-propagated in a capillary, causing fast transient incomplete separation of the complex from the unbound small molecule. A superposition of signals from these two components is measured near the capillary exit and used to calculate a fraction of unbound small molecule, which, in turn, is used to calculate Kd . Herein the validity of ACTIS is proven theoretically, its accuracy is verified by computer simulation, and its practical use is demonstrated. ACTIS has the potential to become a reference-standard method for determining Kd â values of protein-small molecule complexes.
Asunto(s)
Electroforesis Capilar/métodos , Proteínas/químicaRESUMEN
The quantification of interaction stoichiometry and binding constant between bacteria (or other microorganism) and (macro)molecules remains a challenging issue for which only a few adapted methods are available. In this paper, a new methodology was developed for the determination of the interaction stoichiometry and binding constant between bacteria and (macro)molecules. The originality of this work is to take advantage of the bacterial aggregation phenomenon to directly quantify the free ligand concentration in equilibrated bacteria-ligand mixtures using frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis. The described methodology does not require any sample preparation such as filtration step or centrifugation. It was applied to the study of interactions between Erwinia carotovora and different generations of dendrigraft poly-L-lysines leading to quantitative information (i.e., stoichiometry and binding site constant). High stoichiometries in the order of 10(6)-10(7) were determined between nanometric dendrimer-like ligands and the rod-shaped micrometric bacteria. The effect of the dendrimer generation on the binding constant and the stoichiometry is discussed. Stoichiometries were compared with those obtained by replacing the bacteria by polystyrene microbeads to demonstrate the internalization of the ligands inside the bacteria and the increase of the specific surface via the formation of vesicles.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Electricidad , Electroforesis CapilarRESUMEN
This work aims at studying the interaction between human serum albumin and different generations of dendrigraft poly-L-lysine (DGL) in physiological conditions. The binding constants and stoichiometry of the interaction were successfully determined using frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis. The effect of generation on the interaction was evaluated for the five first generations of DGL. An increase of the binding constant accompanied with a decrease of the HSA:DGL (1:n) stoichiometry and a decrease of the cooperativity with dendrimer generation was observed. These findings were in good agreement with the increase of ligand (DGL) size, the increase of electrostatic ligand-ligand repulsion, and the localization of two negatively charged interaction sites on the HSA. The effect of the ligand topology (linear vs dendrigraft) on the HSA interaction revealed that linear poly(L-lysine) leads to much lower stoichiometry compared to DGL of similar molar mass due to much higher flexibility and contour length.
Asunto(s)
Dendrímeros/química , Polilisina/química , Albúmina Sérica/química , HumanosRESUMEN
Dendrigraft poly-L-lysine (DGL) are biomacromolecules of great interest for many applications including antibacterial activity, drug delivery systems, gene therapy and production of antibodies. As human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant serum protein, the study of interactions between these two compounds is crucial for the use of DGL in drug or gene delivery systems. The present work aims at determining the number of binding sites and the corresponding successive equilibrium constants between DGL of generation 3 (G3) and HSA in physiological conditions. To meet this end, continuous frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FACCE) and fluorescence spectroscopic methods were implemented and compared. FACCE was performed on a polycationic modified capillary in combination with a co-pressure that allowed for selectively introducing the free G3 from the G3/HSA mixtures. FACCE studies demonstrated that HSA has 2 binding sites with DGL G3 with the following successive constants K1=31.2×10(3) M(-1) and K2=30.6×10(3) M(-1). For a 1 g/L concentration in G3 and assuming a plasmatic HSA concentration of 40g/L, these binding constants lead to only 5% free DGL in the medium. It was also shown that the interactions between G3 and HSA corresponded to a model of cooperative sites. These results are in good agreement with the presence of two negatively charged domains in the HSA. Good fitting of the fluorescence spectroscopy data was obtained using the equilibrium constants derived from FACCE. Nevertheless, due to the high number of fitting parameters, it was difficult to fit the fluorescence spectroscopic data independently of the results obtained by FACCE.