Asunto(s)
Descubrimiento de Drogas/estadística & datos numéricos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Terapias en Investigación/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas/uso terapéutico , Biotecnología/economía , Biotecnología/legislación & jurisprudencia , Brasil , China , Recolección de Datos , Aprobación de Drogas , Descubrimiento de Drogas/economía , Descubrimiento de Drogas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , India , Licencia en Farmacia , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMEN
Biopharmaceutical innovation has had a profound health and economic impact globally. Developed countries have traditionally been the source of most innovations as well as the destination for the resulting economic and health benefits. As a result, most prior research on this sector has focused on developed countries. This paper seeks to fill the gap in research on emerging markets by analyzing factors that influence innovative activity in the indigenous biopharmaceutical sectors of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. Using qualitative research methodologies, this paper a) shows how biopharmaceutical innovation is taking place within the entrepreneurial sectors of these emerging markets, b) identifies common challenges that indigenous entrepreneurs face, c) highlights the key role played by the state, and d) reveals that the transition to innovation by companies in the emerging markets is characterized by increased global integration. It suggests that biopharmaceutical innovators in emerging markets are capitalizing on opportunities to participate in the drug development value chain and thus developing capabilities and relationships for competing globally both with and against established companies headquartered in developed countries.
Asunto(s)
Biofarmacia/organización & administración , Países en Desarrollo , Industria Farmacéutica/organización & administración , Biofarmacia/economía , Biofarmacia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Biofarmacia/tendencias , Brasil , China , Comercio , Difusión de Innovaciones , Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Industria Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industria Farmacéutica/tendencias , Organización de la Financiación , Programas de Gobierno , Fuerza Laboral en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , India , Propiedad Intelectual , Cooperación Internacional , Legislación de Medicamentos , Mercadotecnía , Investigación/economía , Investigación/organización & administración , Sudáfrica , Tecnología Farmacéutica/economía , Tecnología Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tecnología Farmacéutica/organización & administración , Tecnología Farmacéutica/tendenciasRESUMEN
AIMS: Although Brazil has received attention for conducting one of the world's largest stem cell clinical trials for heart disease, little has been published regarding Brazil's regenerative medicine (RM) sector. Here we present a comprehensive case study of RM in Brazil, including analysis of the current activity, the main motivations for engaging in RM and the remaining challenges to development in this field. METHODS: Our case study is primarily based on semi-structured interviews with experts on RM in Brazil, including researchers, policymakers, clinicians, representatives of firms and regulators. RESULTS: Driven by domestic health needs and strategic government support, Brazil is producing innovative RM research, particularly for clinical research in cardiology, orthopedics, diabetes and neurology. We describe the main RM research currently taking place in Brazil, as well as some of the economic, regulatory and policy events that have created a favorable environment for RM development. Brazilian RM researchers need to overcome several formidable challenges to research: research funding is inconsistent, importation of materials is costly and slow, and weak linkages between universities, hospitals and industry impede translational research. CONCLUSIONS: Although Brazil's contribution to the RM sector is small, its niche emphasis on clinical applications may become of global importance, particularly if Brazil manages to address the challenges currently impinging on RM innovation.
Asunto(s)
Innovación Organizacional , Medicina Regenerativa/tendencias , Academias e Institutos , Brasil , Células Madre Embrionarias/citología , Financiación Gubernamental/economía , Geografía , Recursos en Salud , Hospitales , Humanos , Propiedad Intelectual , Motivación , Medicina Regenerativa/economía , Medicina Regenerativa/legislación & jurisprudencia , InvestigaciónAsunto(s)
Biotecnología , Conducta Cooperativa , Sector de Atención de Salud , África , Brasil , China , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Países en Desarrollo , Geografía , Salud Global , Humanos , Vacunas Meningococicas , TailandiaRESUMEN
In 2004, the government of Mexico established the National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), to carry out disease-related genomic studies that will address national health problems and stimulate scientific and technological development by generating new commercial products and services in genomic medicine. Towards this end, INMEGEN is carrying out a large-scale genotyping project to map genomic variation within its own population. The initiative is expected to generate a key resource for local researchers to understand disease susceptibility and variation in drug responses, which will contribute to Mexico's goal of developing public health genomics - a field in which Mexico is proving to be a leader amongst emerging economies.
Asunto(s)
Academias e Institutos , Países en Desarrollo , Genómica , Salud Pública , MéxicoRESUMEN
The notion that developing countries must wait for the developed world to make advances in science and technology that they later import at great cost is being challenged. We have previously argued that developing countries can harness human genetic variation to benefit their populations and economies. Based on our empirical studies of large-scale population genotyping projects in Mexico, India and Thailand, we describe how these resources are being adopted to improve public health and create knowledge-based economies. A significant additional benefit is building the capacity for scientific research and internalizing advances in technology, whatever their source.
Asunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo , Genética Médica/tendencias , Genómica/tendencias , Proyecto Genoma Humano , Variación Genética , Genómica/métodos , Humanos , India , México , TailandiaAsunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica/organización & administración , Biotecnología/organización & administración , Emprendimiento/organización & administración , Sector de Atención de Salud/organización & administración , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Relaciones Interinstitucionales , Cuba , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Sector Privado/organización & administración , Política Pública , Sector Público/organización & administraciónAsunto(s)
Disciplinas de las Ciencias Biológicas/organización & administración , Investigación Biomédica/organización & administración , Biotecnología/organización & administración , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Sector de Atención de Salud/organización & administración , Promoción de la Salud/economía , Promoción de la Salud/tendencias , Brasil , Emprendimiento/organización & administración , Sector Privado , Política PúblicaRESUMEN
The growing health disparities between the developing and the developed world call for urgent action from the scientific community. Science and technology have in the past played a vital role in improving public health. Today, with the tremendous potential of genomics and other advances in the life sciences, the contribution of science to improve public health and reduce global health disparities is more pertinent than ever before. Yet the benefits of modern medicine still have not reached millions of people in developing countries. It is crucial to recognize that science and technology can be used very effectively in partnership with public health practices in developing countries and can enhance their efficacy. The fight to improve global health needs, in addition to effective public health measures, requires rapid and efficient diagnostic tools; new vaccines and drugs, efficient delivery methods and novel approaches to therapeutics; and low-cost restoration of water, soil and other natural resources. In 2002, the University of Toronto published a report on the "Top 10 Biotechnologies for Improving Health in Developing Countries". Here we review these new and emerging biotechnologies and explore how they can be used to support the goals of developing countries in improving health.
Asunto(s)
Biotecnología/tendencias , Países en Desarrollo , Salud Global , Estado de Salud , HumanosRESUMEN
The growing health disparities between the developing and the developed world call for urgent action from the scientific community. Science and technology have in the past played a vital role in improving public health. Today, with the tremendous potential of genomics and other advances in the life sciences, the contribution of science to improve public health and reduce global health disparities is more pertinent than ever before. Yet the benefits of modern medicine still have not reached millions of people in developing countries. It is crucial to recognize that science and technology can be used very effectively in partnership with public health practices in developing countries and can enhance their efficacy. The fight to improve global health needs, in addition to effective public health measures, requires rapid and efficient diagnostic tools; new vaccines and drugs, efficient delivery methods and novel approaches to therapeutics; and low-cost restoration of water, soil and other natural resources. In 2002, the University of Toronto published a report on the "Top 10 Biotechnologies for Improving Health in Developing Countries". Here we review these new and emerging biotechnologies and explore how they can be used to support the goals of developing countries in improving health.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Biotecnología , Países en Desarrollo , Salud GlobalRESUMEN
The new and rapidly advancing field of genomics and related biotechnologies has the ability to either improve or worsen global health inequities. In general, developing countries are left behind in the development of new technologies and advances in genomic medicine.In this view, the University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics (JCB) through the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health has developed 25 research projects on capacity enhancement for developing countries for improving global health equity, including public health via genomics and related biotechnologies. One project with a great impact was the ÒTop Ten Biotechnologiesfor Improving Health in Developing CountriesÓ for its influence in the "Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative" foster by the Melinda Gates Foundation.Additionally, the UN Millennium Development Project has asked JCB to become the genomics working group for improving global health through genomics biotechnology and JCB has started by studying applications of genomics/biotechnologies in seven developingcountries: Brazil, China, Cuba, Egypt, India, South Africa and South Korea, which may set examples for other developing nations.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Biotecnología , Genómica , Salud Global , Equidad en SaludRESUMEN
Despite spectacular twentieth century scientific and technological progress, the world is more inequitable than it was fifty years ago. This is evident both in terms of access to health care for individuals, and in relation to the health of whole populations. Disparities in wealth and health within and between nations are widening inexorably and the rapidly expanding global economy has failed to reduce poverty among those with little if any access to health care. In this context the Universal Declaration of Human Rights remains an unrealized aspiration for the majority of the world's people. Given these realities, no single discipline, or body of knowledge is likely to make much difference. For example, approaches based only on neoliberal economics, as exemplified by the structural adjustment programmes of the World Bank, have not been successful in promoting health equity. The authors believe that an interdisciplinary approach is required, and that bioethics, an interdisciplinary field, can make a contribution towards improving health globally. To do this, the scope of bioethics should be expanded towards a resultsoriented global health ethics, based upon widely shared and foundational values that could be carried forward through five transformational approaches.