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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays an important role in angiogenesis, affects activation of migration and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts; activation of migration of monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of cryo-processing on the qualitative properties of platelet-rich autoplasma (PRP) at different time intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Autologous plasma preparations were obtained from the blood of 31 donors. The biological material was prepared by double centrifugation according to the protocol for obtaining P-PRP and L-PRP. Platelet count and the concentration of growth factors (PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB) were studied in fresh PRP preparations. In frozen PRP samples, the concentration of PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB was determined 2 weeks after cryo-processing and 2 months after cryo-processing at -35 °Ð¡. P-PRP and L-PRP samples activated with 10% CaCl2 solution and those non-activated were studied. RESULTS: L-PRP preparations are significantly superior to P-PRP preparations: the concentration of platelets is 1.7 times higher in them. The level of PDGF-AA in non-activated L-PRP is 1.8 times higher than in non-activated P-PRP (p<0.05). The level of PDGF-AA is 1.5 times higher in activated L-PRP than in activated P-PRP (p<0.05). The level of PDGF-BB is 2.9 times higher in non-activated L-PRP than in non-activated P-PRP and 1.8 times higher in activated L-PRP than in activated P-PRP (p<0.05). The concentration of PDGF-BB in non-activated P-PRP sharply increases in the 2nd week after freezing and remains at the same level after 2 months (p<0.05). The concentration of PDGF-BB in activated plasma does not change (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Cryo-processing of non-activated autologous L-PRP allows preserving and subsequently enhancing the properties of plasma concentrate, which makes it possible to apply it in clinical practice.

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Background: Autopsies on COVID-19 deceased patients have many limitations due to necessary epidemiologic and preventative measures. The ongoing pandemic has caused a significant strain on healthcare systems and is being extensively studied around the world. Clinical data does not always corelate with post-mortem findings. The goal of our study was to find pathognomonic factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in 100 post-mortem full body autopsies. Materials and Methods: Following necessary safety protocol, we performed 100 autopsies on patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 related death. The macroscopic and microscopic pathologies were evaluated along with clinical and laboratory findings. Results: Extensive coagulopathic changes are seen throughout the bodies of diseased patients. Diffuse alveolar damage is pathognomonic of COVID-19 viral pneumonia, and is the leading cause of lethal outcome in younger patients. Extrapulmonary pathology is predominantly seen in the liver and spleen. Intravascular thrombosis is often widespread and signs of septic shock are often present. Conclusion: The described pathological manifestations of COVID-19 in deceased patients are an insight into the main mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 associated lethal outcome. The disease bears no obvious bias in severity, but seems to be more severe in some patients, hinting at genetic or epigenetic factors at play.

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BACKGROUND: Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. Changes caused by disorganization of collagen and elastin fibers lead to the inability of withstanding heavy mechanical stress. In clinical practice, diagnosis of these disorders depends on physical and anthropomorphic evaluation. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with frequent post-exercise musculoskeletal disorders were evaluated for CTD. The control group included 36 healthy participants. Both groups were evaluated via therapeutic examination with assessment of anthropometric indicators and physical-physiological evaluation, surveying and gathering of anamnesis. Based on testing results, study participants were evaluated on CTD presence and risk factors. RESULTS: All experimental group patients had connective tissue dysplasia of moderate and severe degree, with a total score of 49.44 ± 13.1. Certain morphological characteristics showed prevalence, allowing to determine pathognomonic predictors of high predisposition to frequent post-exercise musculoskeletal disorders. Back pain (100%), asthenic syndrome and kyphotic spinal deformation (75%), high gothic palate, hypermobility of joints and the auricles, excessive elasticity (63%), varicose veins of the lower extremities (56%) and hemorrhoids (56%), changes in the shape of the legs and temporomandibular joint (50%) showed to be significant clinical factors indicating possible connective tissue dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of these diagnostically significant morphological signs of CTD in humans is a pathognomonic predictor of a high predisposition to frequent injuries. Their early detection helps promote proper appointment of adequate physical activity regimen and develop treatment for the underlying cause.

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Optic neuropathy is an invaliding pathology with diverse clinical manifestation and varying causes. Current understanding of etiopathological aspects of optical neuropathy does not provide an effective treatment protocol. In this article we discuss existing treatment methods, and their effectiveness, evaluated depending on disease etiology. The olfactory tract is a source of olfactory ensheating cells, whose unique properties can have treatment potential in correction of nerve degeneration. Transplantation of an olfactory tract graft into the damaged optic nerve is a technically achievable intervention, though anatomical limitations exist in the proposed surgical access. Optic nerve defects can also be potentially treated with axon growth stimulating therapy (Zymosan and CTP-cAMP). Optic neuropathy can be potentially cured by autotransplantation of a portion of the olfactory tract. Neuroanatomical and histomorphological aspects of olfactory tract autotransplantation into the damaged optic nerve are provided. Feasibility, technical and anatomical features, potential setbacks and limitations are discussed. Anatomical limitations exist, but with current neurosurgical technology can be overcome. Regenerative potential of olfactory tract glial cells plays an important role in nerve restoration and can play a crucial role in further understanding of nerve degeneration treatment.

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