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NEW FINDINGS: What is the topic of this review? We review the issues with using predicted resting metabolic rate equations in athletic populations. What advances does it highlight? The use of dated predicted resting metabolic rate equations is not appropriate for athletic populations until more studies have been conducted among these unique populations. ABSTRACT: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the amount of energy the body uses at rest. A suppressed RMR has been correlated with low energy availability and therefore used as an indicator of an individual's energy state. Furthermore, confounding identification of low energy availability within an athletic population are the physiological measures required, which can be time consuming and require professional expertise. To negate the demands of laboratory protocols in measuring RMR, predicted RMR (p RMR) equations were developed. Caution should be exercised when applying the p RMR equations for determining low energy availability in athletes owing to the population used to develop the equations and the higher metabolic cost of fat-free mass, thus elevated RMR, associated with athletes. Moreover, a low ratio of measured RMR to p RMR is often used as an alternative marker for energy deficiency. Predictive equations should implement fat-free mass within the algorithm when estimating RMR in athletic populations. The purpose of this paper is to describe p RMR equation development and the issues associated with use of p RMR equations for athletic populations. As professional sport increases, validation of p RMR equations in the modern athlete population is needed to monitor energy availability for athletic health and performance.
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Metabolismo Basal/fisiología , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Deportes/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Atletas , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Calorimetría Indirecta/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The performance of garments for outdoor activity was compared. Three fabrics, each in garments for the upper body, matched garment/wearer dimensions, were worn by 10 athletically 'well-trained' males under controlled conditions (hot 32 +/- 2 degrees C, 20 +/- 2% relative humidity (RH); cold 8 +/- 2 degrees C, 40 +/- 2% RH) with physical (instrumental) and sensory responses obtained during the trials. Differences in human responses to the fabrics/garments included heart rate, core temperature during run (hot, cold), rest (hot) and walk (cold), heat content of the body, humidity under garments during rest and run and time to onset of sweating. No such differences were identified for change in body mass, core temperature during walk (hot) and rest (cold), skin temperature, temperature of skin covered by the garment, humidity under the garments during walk or for any perceptions (thermal sensations, thermal comfort of torso, exertion, wetness). The garment in single jersey wool fabric performed best in both hot and cold conditions. Effects of garments on wearers are often related to properties of the fabrics from which the garments are made. This study shows that only some differences in fabric properties result in measurable thermophysiological and perceptual responses of the garment wearers and underlines the difficulty in predicting performance of garments/persons from laboratory tests on fabrics.
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Adaptación Fisiológica , Vestuario , Ambiente , Calor/efectos adversos , Actividad Motora , Temperatura Cutánea/fisiología , Adulto , Animales , Índice de Masa Corporal , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , LanaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Accurate selective criteria could limit the number of vaginal cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae performed on preteenaged girls as part of their sexual abuse evaluations. This study was performed to determine whether the published selective criteria by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and by Siegel et al would have accurately detected all cases of vaginal gonococcal infections in our large study population. METHODS: We prospectively studied girls, ages 1 to 12 years, who were referred to our Child Sexual Abuse Team (CSAT) at Wake Medical Center in Raleigh, NC, between July 1, 1976 to July 1, 1996, for sexual abuse evaluations which were performed using a protocol that included collecting historical information, a sexual abuse interview, and a detailed genital examination which included a vaginal culture for N gonorrhoeae. RESULTS: Our study population consisted of 2898 girls of whom 2731 (94%) had vaginal cultures successfully performed for N gonorrhoeae. There were 84 girls with vaginal gonococcal infections, 80 of whom had a vaginal discharge. The four girls without a vaginal discharge included two with a history of having vaginal intercourse with an alleged perpetrator with gonorrhea, one with N gonorrhoeae isolated from a urine culture, and one whose preteenaged sister had gonorrhea. All of the 84 girls would have been identified using the selective culturing criteria of the AAP Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect: culturing when epidemiologically indicated (interpreted as the girl having another sexually transmitted disease [STD], a child sibling, child household member, a close child associate or a perpetrator with a known STD) or when the history and/or physical findings suggest the possibility of oral, genital, or rectal contact, or Siegel et al's more selective criteria: only culturing prepubertal girls for N gonorrhoeae if there is a vaginal discharge at the time of presentation or if there is a high risk for STD acquisition, defined as having a STD diagnosed, a sibling with a STD, contact with a perpetrator known to have a STD, contact with multiple perpetrators, or Tanner stage III or above. CONCLUSION: Both the selective criteria of the AAP Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and the more selective criteria of Siegel et al as we interpreted them were accurate when applied to identifying girls with vaginal gonococcal infections in our study population.