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The hippocampal calmodulin (CaM) gene expression was determined in the rat after transient forebrain ischemia. Ischemia was induced by the 4-vessel occlusion model, and the hybridized mRNA copy numbers corresponding to the 3 CaM genes detected by phosphorimaging were determined by quantitative in situ hybridization 24 h post-insult. A small, but significant upregulation (by 8.8%) of the CaM I gene was observed in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer, whereas other regions exhibited a maintained or slightly decreased CaM gene expression. The CaM mRNA levels decreased most markedly (by 10-15%) in the hippocampal molecular layers. No consistent correlation was found between the ischemic vulnerability and the CaM gene expression pattern. The results indicate that the induction of delayed neuronal death is not incidental to the transcriptional activation of the CaM genes in the ischemic rat hippocampus in vivo. As the calcium-bound CaM content increases during the ischemic insult, downregulation of the CaM gene expression could be a homeostatic response aimed at maintaining the intracellular level of the active CaM pool.

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The authors survey the possibilities of diagnosis of the frequent injuries of the hand caused by foreign bodies. It is proven by them that almost all foreign bodies can be demonstrated using radiological methods (native picture, ultrasound examination, xeroradiography, CT, MRI). They support the immediate surgical care in the therapy of injuries caused by foreign body, they deal however with the problems of the later therapy, too. Their opinion is backed up by the demonstration of case reports.

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Authors describe the operative treatment of a tangential tissue defect with severe crush in the region of the external malleolus. Because of the injury with bone defect and opening of the joint an arthrodesis on the talocrural joint was performed. The opened joints and the free bone surface were covered with primary a. dorsalis pedis island flap plasty. Healing without complication was reached.

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Author describes two cases: in the first, in consequence of a lesion of the deep peroneal nerve during operation, the development a paralytic drop foot, in the second, in consequence of a lesion of unknown etiology of the common peroneal nerve, paralytic club foot could be observed. In both cases the intraosseal transposition of the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle on the second cuneiform bone was performed with good result.

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Authors studied a frequent injury of the finger joints. The anatomy, the mechanism of the injuries, the diagnostic possibilities of the lamina fibrocartilaginea ("palmar plate") and of the palmar ligaments of the joints are described. In the diagnosis a special significance is attached to the stressed and tangential X-ray pictures. They take the part of the conservative treatment of the injury. In cases of dislocations, that cannot be reduced, of open "palmar plate" injuries and of major hyperextension and dislocations of the broken bone scale, operative treatment is thought necessary. In the treatment of the injuries of the "palmar plate" of the PIP joint they use the so called rein method, that keeps the palmar cartilaginous joint capsule, torn at the injury, on its original place, it enables however the active joint movements, the gymnastics and hinders this way the development of the joint contracture.

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The transport characteristics of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6), acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7), and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) were studied in perineurally sutured, regenerating rat sciatic nerve. At different times after repair, the sciatic nerve was ligated for 24 h, and the activities of the cholinergic marker proteins, as well as the binding capacity, were measured proximally and distally from the ligature. The number of bidirectionally transported receptors increased linearly up to 5 months postoperatively (6.1-33.6% and 5.6-25.6% of the control level proximal and distal to the ligature, respectively). The quantity of anterogradely transported ChAT reached a plateau 3 months postoperatively (74.9% of the control level), whereas the retrogradely transported enzyme was then only 34.7% of the control value. The activity of AChE increased linearly during nerve regeneration, and exceeded the control level after 4 months (121.0% and 63.7% proximally and distally, respectively). The data indicate that the altered bidirectional transport of cholinergic marker proteins may be monitored quantitatively during nerve regeneration. This method might be suitable for studies of the nerve regeneration process.

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