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Objetivo: investigar a literatura relacionada à aplicação e desempenho da Inteligência Artificial (IA) em exames de imagem odontológicos. Revisão de literatura: foram incluídos 70 trabalhos experimentais e revisões sistemáticas da literatura, publicados em inglês, no período entre 2018 e 2021, que analisaram a aplicabilidade da IA na detecção automática de: pontos cefalométricos, lesões de cárie, lesões apicais, perda óssea periodontal, sistemas de implantes, cistos e tumores odontogênicos, osteoporose, sinusite maxilar, terceiros molares e canal mandibular, ateromas em carótida, fratura radicular vertical, osteoartrite em articulação temporomandibular, avaliação de morfologia radicular e numeração dentária. Resultados:58,73% dos trabalhos analisados mostrou acurácia diagnóstica acima de 80% com a utilização de IA. Discussão: A maior limitação encontrada foi em relação à aquisição de amostras em quantidade suficiente para treinamento e teste dos modelos, já que imagens radiográficas têm sua disponibilidade limitada por questões éticas e legais relativas aos pacientes e Instituições. A falta de padronização na segmentação e processamento das imagens foi outro fator a influenciar os resultados obtidos, dificultando comparação e generalização. Apesar disso, diversos estudos apresentaram sugestões ou possíveis aperfeiçoamentos para pesquisas futuras, de forma a reduzir estas limitações. Conclusão: A aplicação da IA no diagnóstico por imagens mostrou-se promissora nas diversas áreas pesquisadas, com desempenhos muito semelhantes ou mesmo superiores, muitas vezes, ao desempenho dos profissionais humanos. Contudo, para a legitimação de sua utilização como parte do fluxo de trabalho na clínica, limitações ainda presentes devem ser superadas, especialmente no treinamento dos algoritmos para obtenção de melhores valores de acurácia.

Aim:to investigate the literature related to the application and performance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the analysis of dental imaging. Literature review: 70 experimental studies and systematic literature reviews published in English between 2018 and 2021 were included, which analyzed the applicability of AI models in the automatic detection of the following: cephalometric landmarks, dental caries, periapical diseases, alveolar bone loss, dental implant, odontogenic cysts and tumors, osteoporosis, maxillary sinusitis, third molars and mandibular canal, carotid atheromas, vertical root fracture, osteoarthritis in temporomandibular joint, evaluation of root morphology and numbering of dental elements. Results: 58.73% of the analyzed studies showed diagnostic accuracy above 80%.Discussion:the greatest methodological limitation was the acquisition of samples in sufficient quantity for training and testing phases, since radiographic images are limited to their availability due to ethical and legal issues related to patients and institutions. Lack of standardization in the segmentation and image processing was another factor to influence the results, which was difficult to compare and generalize. Despite this, several studies presented suggestions or possible improvements for future research, in order to reduce the impact of these limitations. Conclusion:the investigation of the applicability of AI in theanalysis of dental radiographic images seems to be still in its early days. The implementation of AI tools as radiologists'auxiliaries in their daily practice depends on overcoming the limitations of current studies and obtaining better diagnostic accuracy indices in future evaluations.

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Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção e segurança dos cirurgiões-dentistas servidores municipais de Porto Alegre - RS que realizam radiografias intrabucais em relação à conteúdos da radiologia odontológica. Materiais e métodos: Todos os 26 dentistas que atuam no Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas e Serviço de Apoio Terapêutico da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde foram convidados a participar de 15 horas do Projeto de Extensão em Radiologia Odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde alunos de graduação atendem pacientes encaminhados pelas unidades básicas de saúde. Foi aplicado um questionário online de 19 questões relacionado a sua segurança e rotina na Radiologia. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise descritiva. Dez profissionais participaram do projeto, e oito responderam ao questionário (n=8). Resultados: Realização de técnicas e processamentos radiográficos, a maioria dos participantes mostrou-se segura, assim como os aspectos de radioproteção. Relataram maior dificuldade em realizar exames radiográficos em criança, molares e caninos superiores, além de preferirem, o método manual visual de processamento radiográfico. Foi identificada menor compreensão sobre biossegurança e efeitos biológicos determinísticos. Discussão: Conhecer esses servidores, suas rotinas e vivências com a radiologia, permitiu aprimorar o atendimento aos pacientes e a integração da Faculdade ao programa de educação permanente. Observa-se que princípios teóricos, não estão sedimentados o que pode interferir tanto na sua saúde como na do paciente. Conclusão: Os profissionais estudados sentem-se seguros em relação à prática e compreendem suas lacunas de conhecimento sobre efeitos biológicos e biossegurança na área da Radiologia.

Aim: To evaluate the perception and confidence of dental surgeons working in Porto Alegre - RS who perform intraoral radiographs in relation to the contents of dental radiology. Materials and methods: All 26 dentists who work at the Center for Dental Specialties and Therapeutic Support Service of the Municipal Health Department were invited to participate in 15 hours of the Extension Project in Dental Radiology at the School of Dentistry at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, where students Undergraduate courses assist patients referred by basic health units. An online questionnaire of 19 questions related to your safety and routine in Radiology was applied. The collected data were submitted to descriptive analysis. Ten professionals participated in the project, and eight answered the questionnaire (n=8). Results: Performing radiographic techniques and processing, most participants proved to be safe, as well as radioprotection aspects. They reported greater difficulty in performing radiographic examinations in children, molars and upper canines, in addition to preferring the visual manual method of radiographic processing. Less understanding of biosafety and deterministic biological effects was identified. Discussion: Getting to know these public servants, their routines and experiences with radiology, made it possible to improve patient care and integrate the Faculty into the permanent education program. It is observed that theoretical principles are not settled, which can interfere with both your health and that of the patient. Conclusion: The professionals studied feel safe and understand their knowledge gaps such as biological effects and biosafety in the field of Radiology.

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In this study, we aimed to identify factors associated with performing dental imaging examinations in public health services. Brazilian data at the municipal level (n = 5,564) in two time periods, P0 (2005-2007) and P1 (2014-2016), were collated from health information systems. The increase in the municipal rates of intraoral and extraoral radiographic imaging procedures was the outcome. Changes in the use of clinical procedures and the rates of dentists and equipment were the main predictors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR). Approximately 35.3% of the Brazilian municipalities increased the dental radiography equipment rate, 9.9% increased the fan-beam computed tomography (CT) equipment rate, and 5.9% increased the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment rate. In addition, 31.8% increased the periapical/interproximal radiography rate, 10.5% increased the CT rate, and 4.4% increased the MRI rate. Increases in the dental radiography, CT, and MRI rates were associated with higher chances of periapical/interproximal images (OR = 1.90, p < 0.01), face and neck images (OR =1 5.3, p < 0.01), and MR images (OR = 18.1, p < 0.01), respectively. Municipalities that increased the rates of endodontists increased the rates of periapical/interproximal (OR = 2.50, p < 0.01) and occlusal (OR = 1.60, p < 0.01) imaging procedures, and those that increased the rates of radiologists also increased the rates of occlusal (OR = 2.00, p < 0.01) and panoramic (OR = 1.70, p < 0.01) imaging procedures. The implementation of a secondary dental care center, Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas (CEO) was associated with an increase in the chances of performing periapical/interproximal and panoramic radiographic procedures in 1.5 and occlusal radiographic examinations in 2.0. The rates of dentists, equipment, specialized dental centers, and specific dental procedures were associated with the increased use of imaging procedures in dentistry in the Brazilian public health system.

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This study analyzed the impact of CBCT on the level of confidence in diagnostic and treatment thinking in mandibular lower molar (M3M) clinical management. Thirty cases for which panoramic radiographs and CBTC images were available were selected and classified according to radiologic signs indicating the proximity of the M3M to the mandibular canal (interruption of the radiopaque borders of the canal of the mandibular canal wall, darkening of the roots, and diversion or narrowing of the canal, n = 10 for each classification). Twelve oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMS) contributed to this study by answering two questionnaires. The first questionnaire contained a clinical description of the case and a panoramic radiograph. After 30 days, a second questionnaire with the same clinical illustrations and tomographic multiplanar reconstruction images was administered. Both questionnaires asked specialists to rate diagnostic confidence, the surgical complexity, chosen treatment, and surgical confidence. In approximately 40% of answers, CBCT images had a positive impact on ratings of diagnostic confidence and treatment thinking confidence, and in 24.4%, they increased the surgical complexity score. There was no change in the treatment plan following the use of CBCT, but the CBCT examination was a determining factor for diagnosis and treatment planning in 72.8% of the answers CBCT improved the confidence level in diagnostic and treatment thinking of the M3M management while also increasing the perceived level of surgical complexity. The findings of this study support the need to consider using CBCT in diagnosis and treatment planning for M3Ms with radiographic signs such as darkening of the roots, interruption of the radiopaque borders of the mandibular canal, or deviation of the mandibular canal and narrowing of the roots.

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Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a influência do método de visualização e análise do exame de tomografia computa-dorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) no diagnóstico de afecções endodônticas. Materiais e métodos: Vinte casos clínicos contendo doze diferentes afecções endodônticas foram ana-lisados por dois especialistas em radiologia odontológica e um especialista em endodontia. Inicialmente, os avaliadores visualizaram os casos em Portable Document Format (PDF) contendo uma seleção de imagens digitais e, por consenso, descreveram suas hipóteses diagnósticas para cada caso. Após uma semana, os avaliadores reavaliaram os casos, desta vez utilizando reconstrução multiplanar em um visualizador de imagens no formato Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). Novamente, por consenso, eles indicaram suas hipóteses diagnósticas. Resultados: Em 10% dos casos, houve discrepância entre os diagnósticos realizados utili-zando as seleções de imagens digitais em PDF e utilizando a reconstrução multiplanar. A visualização das imagens em PDF obteve sensibilidade de 0.714, especificidade de 0.966, e acurácia de 90%. Discussão: Na maioria destes casos, as afecções endodônticas identificadas utilizando o visuali-zador de imagens DICOM (reconstrução multiplanar) não foram detectadas quando visualizados os PDF de imagens pré-selecionadas. Conclusão: Embora mais estudos sejam necessários, os autores reiteram que a utilização de recons-truções multiplanares sempre são preferíveis comparadas à outras formas de análise da TCFC, para que se atinja o máximo potencial diagnóstico do exame de imagem.

Aim: This study evaluated the influence of the method used for visualization and analysis of cone-beam com-puted tomography (CBCT) on the diagnosis of endodontic conditions. Materials and methods: Twenty clinical cases containing twelve different endodontic conditions were analyzed by two specialists in dental radiology and one specialist in endodontics. Initially, the evaluators viewed the cases in Portable Document Format (PDF) containing a selection of digital images and, by consensus, described their diagnostic hypotheses for each case. One week la-ter, the evaluators reassessed the cases, this time using multiplanar reconstructions with a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format image viewer. Once more, by consensus, they recorded their diagnostic hypotheses. Results: In 10% of the cases there was a discrepancy between the diagnoses made using preselected digital images in PDFs and by viewing multiplanar reconstructions. The visualization of the PDF images obtained a sensitivity of 0.714, specificity of 0.966, and 90% accuracy. Discussion: In the majority of these cases, endodontic conditions identified using the DICOM image viewer (multiplanar reconstruction) were not detected using the PDFs of preselected images. Conclusion: Although more studies are needed, the au-thors reiterate that using multiplanar reconstructions should always be preferred to other forms of analysis for CBCT, so that the maximum diagnostic potential of the imaging exam can be achieved.

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Abstract: In this study, we aimed to identify factors associated with performing dental imaging examinations in public health services. Brazilian data at the municipal level (n = 5,564) in two time periods, P0 (2005-2007) and P1 (2014-2016), were collated from health information systems. The increase in the municipal rates of intraoral and extraoral radiographic imaging procedures was the outcome. Changes in the use of clinical procedures and the rates of dentists and equipment were the main predictors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR). Approximately 35.3% of the Brazilian municipalities increased the dental radiography equipment rate, 9.9% increased the fan-beam computed tomography (CT) equipment rate, and 5.9% increased the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment rate. In addition, 31.8% increased the periapical/interproximal radiography rate, 10.5% increased the CT rate, and 4.4% increased the MRI rate. Increases in the dental radiography, CT, and MRI rates were associated with higher chances of periapical/interproximal images (OR = 1.90, p < 0.01), face and neck images (OR =1 5.3, p < 0.01), and MR images (OR = 18.1, p < 0.01), respectively. Municipalities that increased the rates of endodontists increased the rates of periapical/interproximal (OR = 2.50, p < 0.01) and occlusal (OR = 1.60, p < 0.01) imaging procedures, and those that increased the rates of radiologists also increased the rates of occlusal (OR = 2.00, p < 0.01) and panoramic (OR = 1.70, p < 0.01) imaging procedures. The implementation of a secondary dental care center, Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas (CEO) was associated with an increase in the chances of performing periapical/interproximal and panoramic radiographic procedures in 1.5 and occlusal radiographic examinations in 2.0. The rates of dentists, equipment, specialized dental centers, and specific dental procedures were associated with the increased use of imaging procedures in dentistry in the Brazilian public health system.

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Abstract This study analyzed the impact of CBCT on the level of confidence in diagnostic and treatment thinking in mandibular lower molar (M3M) clinical management. Thirty cases for which panoramic radiographs and CBTC images were available were selected and classified according to radiologic signs indicating the proximity of the M3M to the mandibular canal (interruption of the radiopaque borders of the canal of the mandibular canal wall, darkening of the roots, and diversion or narrowing of the canal, n = 10 for each classification). Twelve oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMS) contributed to this study by answering two questionnaires. The first questionnaire contained a clinical description of the case and a panoramic radiograph. After 30 days, a second questionnaire with the same clinical illustrations and tomographic multiplanar reconstruction images was administered. Both questionnaires asked specialists to rate diagnostic confidence, the surgical complexity, chosen treatment, and surgical confidence. In approximately 40% of answers, CBCT images had a positive impact on ratings of diagnostic confidence and treatment thinking confidence, and in 24.4%, they increased the surgical complexity score. There was no change in the treatment plan following the use of CBCT, but the CBCT examination was a determining factor for diagnosis and treatment planning in 72.8% of the answers CBCT improved the confidence level in diagnostic and treatment thinking of the M3M management while also increasing the perceived level of surgical complexity. The findings of this study support the need to consider using CBCT in diagnosis and treatment planning for M3Ms with radiographic signs such as darkening of the roots, interruption of the radiopaque borders of the mandibular canal, or deviation of the mandibular canal and narrowing of the roots.

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Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e localização de canais mandibulares bífidos (CMB) por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Materiais e métodos: Três radiologistas odontológicos treinados e calibrados avaliaram individualmente 1254 exames tomográficos por meio do software I-Cat Vision (Imaging Sciences International®) e classificaram em quatro tipos distintos (Retromolar, Dental, Anteriorizado e Bucolingual). Os dados de frequência, coletados a partir de um formulário Access (Microsoft® Office), foram analisados por meio dos testes de Fischer e Friedman. O nível de significância estatística foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: CMBs foram encontrados em 276 casos (22%), sem predileção por gênero (P=0,186). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tipos (P=0,001). Discussão: O reconhecimento de um CMB é de grande relevância quando associado a procedimentos anestésicos e cirúrgicos na região posterior da mandíbula. Apesar de muitos estudos demostrarem que o CMB não é comumente visto, uma falha em sua identificação pode resultar em danos ao nervo alveolar inferior (NAI) ou em dificuldade na obtenção do bloqueio anestésico. Conclusão: O tipo mais frequente de CMB em ambos os gêneros, foi o retromolar (P=0,001), representando 18,5%, e visualizado com taxas de 47,1% nas mulheres e 52,9% nos homens. A frequência de CMBs analisada por meio da TCFC foi significativa na população avaliada e apresentou-se com diferentes configurações. Desta forma, sua investigação não deve ser negligenciada frente a procedimentos cirúrgicos que envolvam a região posterior da mandíbula.

Aim: To investigate the prevalence and location of bifid mandibular canals (CMB) using cone beam computed to-mography (CBCT). Materials and methods: Three trained and calibrated dental radiologists individually evaluated 1254 CT scans using the I-Cat Vision software (Imaging Sciences International®) and classified them into four distinct types (Retromolar, Dental, Forward and Buco-lingual). Frequency data, collected from an Access form (Microsoft® Office), were analyzed using the Fischer and Friedman test. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: CMBs were found in 276 cases (22%), with no gender predilection (P = 0.186). There was a statistically significant difference between the types (P = 0.001). Dis-cussion: The recognition of a CMB is of great relevance when associated with anesthetic and surgical procedures in the posterior region of the mandible. Although many studies have shown that CMB is not commonly seen, a failure to identify it can result in damage to the lower alveolar nerve (NAI) or difficulty in obtaining anesthetic block. Conclusion: The most frequent type of CMB in both genders was retromolar (P = 0.001), representing 18.5%, and visualized with rates of 47.1% in women and 52.9% in men. The frequency of CMBs analyzed using the CBCT was significant in the population evaluated and presented in different configurations. Thus, its investigation should not be neglected in the face of surgical procedures that involve the posterior region of the mandible

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The scope of this paper was to analyze the time series of dental procedures performed between 2000 and 2016 in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). The data were obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS (SIA-SUS). The influence of the 2004 National Oral Health Policy of Ordinance No. 600/2006 (which instituted the financing of Dental Specialty Centers - CEOs), and Ordinance No. 1,234/2013 (Financial incentive for the Program for Enhancement of Quality and Access - PMAQ-CEO) were analyzed. Descriptive analyses of the initial and final years of the time series were presented, assessing trends and seasonality in seven types of imaging procedures. The time series of rates of periapical/bitewing radiographic exams revealed a trend of moderate increase and was the only area in which the impact of the financial implementation policy of the CEOs was observed, though not of the PMAQ-CEO. Extraoral imaging exams, such as panoramic radiography, facial CT/TMJ and TMJ MRI revealed a strong upward trend, despite the very low rates. The conclusion reached is that between 2000 and 2016, the policy of expansion of secondary care increased the use of periapical/bitewing imaging exams.

O objetivo foi analisar a série temporal de procedimentos de imagem em Odontologia realizados entre os anos de 2000 e 2016 no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais (SIA-SUS). Foram analisadas a influência da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal de 2004, da Portaria nº 600/2006 (institui o financiamento dos Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas - CEOs) e Portaria nº 1.234/2013 (Incentivo financeiro do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade - PMAQ-CEO). Apresentou-se análises descritivas dos anos inicial e final da série temporal, avaliando tendências e sazonalidade em sete tipos de procedimentos. A série temporal das taxas de exames radiográficos periapicais/interproximais demonstrou tendência de aumento moderado e foi a única em que se observou o impacto da política de implementação financeira dos CEOs, mas não do PMAQ-CEO. Os exames extraorais como: radiografia panorâmica, Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) da face/Articulação Temporomandibular (ATM) e Ressonância Magnética (RM) da ATM possuem forte tendência de aumento apesar das taxas serem muito baixas. Conclui-se que entre os anos 2000 e 2016, a política de expansão da atenção secundária, aumentou o uso de exames de imagem periapical/interproximal.

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Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a série temporal de procedimentos de imagem em Odontologia realizados entre os anos de 2000 e 2016 no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais (SIA-SUS). Foram analisadas a influência da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal de 2004, da Portaria nº 600/2006 (institui o financiamento dos Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas - CEOs) e Portaria nº 1.234/2013 (Incentivo financeiro do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade - PMAQ-CEO). Apresentou-se análises descritivas dos anos inicial e final da série temporal, avaliando tendências e sazonalidade em sete tipos de procedimentos. A série temporal das taxas de exames radiográficos periapicais/interproximais demonstrou tendência de aumento moderado e foi a única em que se observou o impacto da política de implementação financeira dos CEOs, mas não do PMAQ-CEO. Os exames extraorais como: radiografia panorâmica, Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) da face/Articulação Temporomandibular (ATM) e Ressonância Magnética (RM) da ATM possuem forte tendência de aumento apesar das taxas serem muito baixas. Conclui-se que entre os anos 2000 e 2016, a política de expansão da atenção secundária, aumentou o uso de exames de imagem periapical/interproximal.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to analyze the time series of dental procedures performed between 2000 and 2016 in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). The data were obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS (SIA-SUS). The influence of the 2004 National Oral Health Policy of Ordinance No. 600/2006 (which instituted the financing of Dental Specialty Centers - CEOs), and Ordinance No. 1,234/2013 (Financial incentive for the Program for Enhancement of Quality and Access - PMAQ-CEO) were analyzed. Descriptive analyses of the initial and final years of the time series were presented, assessing trends and seasonality in seven types of imaging procedures. The time series of rates of periapical/bitewing radiographic exams revealed a trend of moderate increase and was the only area in which the impact of the financial implementation policy of the CEOs was observed, though not of the PMAQ-CEO. Extraoral imaging exams, such as panoramic radiography, facial CT/TMJ and TMJ MRI revealed a strong upward trend, despite the very low rates. The conclusion reached is that between 2000 and 2016, the policy of expansion of secondary care increased the use of periapical/bitewing imaging exams.

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OBJECTIVES: To develop and test a protective device (PD) to increase the resistance of photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) plate to compressive load, and assess the resulting image quality. METHODS: Two prototypes, polyvinylchloride sheets of 0.3 mm and 0.7 mm each, were developed for PSP plate size 2. The resistance to compressive load was tested using eight new PSPs divided into four test groups: (1) PSP, (2) PSP and paperboard protector, (3) PSP and 0.3 mm PD, and (4) PSP and 0.7 mm PD. The resulting images were analyzed by three oral radiologists, based on the consensus for image artifacts. Additionally, the objective image quality test was performed with four new PSPs, using an 8-step wedge aluminum scale. The mean gray values and standard deviation were measured in a total of 240 images, and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS: Artifacts were seen in the PSP control group starting at 40 n, and at 150 n, 175 n and 300 n in 0.3 mm PD, paperboard protector and 0.7 mm PD, respectively. Although there was no statistical difference among groups, there were differences between exposure times (0.06-0.25 s, 0.06-0.40 s, and 0.10-0.40 s). Scanning resolution of 20 lp/mm showed higher mean gray value than 25 and 40 lp/mm (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The developed PDs improved the PSP resistance to compressive forces, with low interference on the pixel gray values, regardless of exposure time and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, the 0.7 mm PD could withstand the maximum compressive load.

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This report presents the five-stepmethodology adopted for the empowerment and trainingofprofessorsand studentsfor the use of anew intraoral radiographdigital system. Ithighlightsthe importance of undergraduate students as facilitators and multipliers in the teaching-learning process. Two students were selected to act as facilitators in the teaching-learning process and multipliers of knowledge regarding the radiographic system. These students, together withoral radiology professors, participated in meetings with the board and administrative techniciansto define goals(step1), organized teaching materials(step2), developed 2-hour theoretical-practical activities forprofessors andall clinical students(step3), followedthe system implementationstageduringone semester(step04)and appliedthe evaluationof thesystem used(step 5),on the Dental Teaching Hospital. Students and professors from two clinical disciplines were chosen to experience the onset of this implementation. At the end of the semester, a survey was conducted to evaluate the usability of theradiographicsystem. Overall, 176students and 12 professors participated in the theoretical-practical activity. During system implementation, 68 students and 34 professors experienced the new technology. The usability assessment according tostudents and professors was 73.35 and 79.37, respectively. The proposed digital system wasimplemented correctly. The experience of undergraduate students in the different stages of the project, problematization of the theme, accomplishment of their work in a collaborative manner, and the application of solutions developed by them contributed to the formation of professionals always open to critically change (AU).

Este relato objetiva apresentar uma metodologia em cinco etapas adotada para capacitar a comunidade docente e discente no uso de um sistema radiográficodigital, e ressaltar a importância do estudantede graduação como facilitador e multiplicador no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Dois estudantesforam selecionados para atuarem como facilitadores nesteprocessoe multiplicadores de conhecimento em relação ao sistema radiográfico. Essesacadêmicos, juntamente com os professores de radiologia, participaram de reuniões com a direção e técnicos administrativos para a definição dos objetivos (etapa 1), organizaram material didático (etapa 2), elaboraram atividades teórico-práticas de 2 horas para os alunos das clínicas e professores (etapa 3), acompanharam, por um semestre, a etapa de implementação do sistema no Hospital de Ensino Odontológico (etapa 4), e aplicaram a avaliação do uso do sistema digital (etapa 5). Duas disciplinas clínicas, seus alunos e professores, foram escolhidos para vivenciar a etapa de implementação. No término do semestre, foi realizada uma enquete que avaliou a usabilidade do sistema. Como resultado, 176 estudantese 12 professores participaram das atividades teórico-práticas. Na etapa de implementação, participaram 68 discentese 34 professores. A avaliação da usabilidade respondida pelos alunos e professores que utilizaram o sistema foi de 73,35 e 79,37, respectivamente. A implementação do sistema digital proposta ocorreu de forma adequada. A vivência dos estudantesde graduação nas diferentes etapas do projeto, da problematização do tema, da execução do seu trabalho de forma colaborativa, e aplicação de soluções por eles elaboradas contribuiu na formação de profissionais sempre abertos às mudanças de maneira crítica (AU).

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To analyze all court lawsuits in Brazil in relation to civil liability involving radiographic and tomographic images up to February 2014. METHODS: All Brazilian courts were surveyed for "civil liability," "error," "radiology," "radiography," and "tomography," returning 3923 second-instance lawsuits. Out of them were excluded labor legislation, health insurance coverage of radiological examinations, and criminal liability cases and 359 were selected. Compliance with expert reports, involvement of imaging exams, the defendant professional, the reasons of claims and convictions, and indemnity were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 359 selected lawsuits, physicians were defendants in 71%, radiologist physicians in 10.6% and dentists in 18.4%. The prevalence of physicians found liable was related to the lack or delay in requesting the imaging exams 49.6%, and among radiologist physicians, misdiagnosis 47.1%. Considering the dentists, imaging exams had mostly an indirect involvement, and failure of the proposed treatment 73.8% was the most prevalent cause of dentists found liable; no radiologist was sued. Regarding indemnity, 50% of lawsuits resulted in compensation up to R$ 20,000 US$ 8,583. CONCLUSIONS: Misdiagnosis was the main cause of claims and radiologists were found liable. The medical field showed the largest absolute number of claims and physicians were found liable, but the highest proportion was directed to dentists...

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Introdução: radiografias intrabucais são uma importante ajuda investigativa na detecção de alterações na raiz dentária, incluindo fraturas radiculares verticais (FRV). Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade de radiografias convencionais e digitais, ortogonais e dissociadas para detectar FRV em dentes que apresentam diferentes condições do canal radicular. Métodos: sessenta dentes foram divididos em três grupos, considerando-se a condição do canal (não obturado, obturado com guta-percha e obturado com guta-percha e pino metálico). Em cada grupo, dez dentes foram artificialmente fraturados e dez dentes (controles), não foram fraturados. Realizaram-se radiografias convencionais (Kodak), e digitais (placas de fósforo – VistaScan Durr Dental), ortogonais e horizontalmente dissociadas. Usando um teste cego, três observadores calibrados realizaram avaliações em quatro tempos distintos. Valores modais foram utilizados para calcular a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia. A área sob a curva ROC (aucROC), e intervalos de confiança (IC ), foram usados para comparar o desempenho entre os sistemas radiográficos, bem como a influência de imagens ortogonais e combinadas (ortogonal mais dissociadas). Resultados: radiografias combinadas (ortogonal + dissociadas), apresentaram maior aucROC para ambas as imagens convencionais e digitais. Os ICs mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as radiografias convencionais ortogonais e digitais combinadas (IC: 0,403-0,697 e 0,767-0,967, respectivamente). Além disso, quando apenas incidências ortogonais foram consideradas, radiografias digitais proporcionaram melhores resultados do que as convencionais (IC: 0,622-0,878 e 0,403-0,697, respectivamente). Conclusão: a forte tendência de melhores resultados dos testes de diagnóstico proporcionados pelas radiografias digitais sugere que o sistema digital, utilizando projeções combinadas, é mais apropriado para investigar FRV do que o convencional

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Objective: To assess, using a mathematical simulation model, the participation of each coordinate involved in the formation of cephalometric angles and to determine the extent to which errors in the identification of cephalometric landmarks can, individually and collectively, influence the measurement of these angles. Material and Methods: The reference values and standard errors of 13 landmarks obtained from the analysis of 30 cephalograms were used. For each landmark, 1000 observations were simulated using the Monte Carlo method. On the basis of linear regression models, equations designed to estimate measurement errors due to landmark identification errors were obtained and analysed. Results: The coordinates most involved in the formation of the angles SNA, SNB, ANB, FMA, PPL, DFC, and AEF were Ny, Ny, Ax, Goy, Poy, Poy, and Ptmx, respectively, and the standard measurement errors for these angles were 1.2, 0.9, 0.8, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.4, respectively. Conclusion: The standard measurement error of the angle depends on the geometric impact coefficient and the standard error of the coordinates involved in the formation of the angles, and the geometric impact coefficient varies according to the angle analysed.

Objetivos: Avaliar, empregando um modelo matemático de simulação, a participação de cada coordenada envolvida na formação de ângulos cefalométricos, assim como determinar a extensão da influência dos erros na identificação dos pontos cefalométricos, individual e coletivamente, na mensuração destes ângulos. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados os valores de referência e os erros padrão de 13 pontos anatômicos obtidos a partir da análise de 30 cefalogramas. Para cada ponto anatômico, foram simuladas 1000 observações utilizando o método de Monte Carlo. Com base em modelos de regressão linear, foram obtidas e analisadas equações destinadas a estimar os erros de medição devido a erros na identificação dos pontos cefalométricos. Resultados: As coordenadas mais envolvidas na formação dos ângulos SNA, SNB, ANB, FMA, PPL, DFC, e AEF foram Ny, Ny, Ax, Goy, Poy, Poy, e Ptmx, respectivamente, e os erros padrão de mensuração destes ângulos foram 1,2; 0,9; 0,8; 1,6; 1,5; 1,5 e 1,4, respectivamente. Conclusões: O erro padrão de mensuração de cada ângulo cefalométrico depende do coeficiente de impacto geométrico e do erro padrão das coordenadas dos pontos anatômicos envolvidos na formação dos mesmos, sendo que o coeficiente de impacto geométrico varia de acordo com o ângulo analisado.

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Aim: This study evaluated the proximity and relation of impacted lower third molars and mandibular canal on panoramic radiography. Methods: Radiographic signals associated with proximity of structures and Pell & Gregory and Winter classifications of 78 impacted teeth were analyzed and compared with CBCT images (gold standard). The associations between the findings were tested with Pearson’s chi-square. Results: Direct contact between structures was observed in 85% ofcases of radiolucent band over roots. Conclusions: Radiolucent band over roots is the image more associated with direct contact between structures and the one that indicates lingual positioning of the canal more consistently. Some categories of Pell & Gregory and Winter classifications suggested signs of the topographic location of the mandibular canal.

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O conhecimento do sistema de canais radiculares (SCR) e o correto diagnóstico de canais acessórios são de extrema importância para o sucesso do tratamento endodôntico. Objetivo: avaliar a influência de diferentes resoluções de voxel das imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) para o diagnóstico de canais acessórios, em dentes mono e polirradiculares. Métodos: cem dentes humanos extraídos (59 incisivos inferiores e 41 primeiros molares superiores) foram randomizados e posicionados para aquisição de imagens de TCFC em dois protocolos de voxel (0,2 e 0,3 mm) (i-Cat - Imaging Sciences International). As imagens foram analisadas por dois examinadores cegados e calibrados, os quais identificaram a presença ou não de canais acessórios, tanto nos molares superiores (raiz mesiovestibular) como nos incisivos inferiores. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente, avaliando-se a frequência e porcentagens de diagnósticos em relação ao dente e à resolução de voxel da imagem. A concordância entre as avaliações de imagens de voxel 0,2 e 0,3 mm também foi analisada. Resultados: as análises por meio das imagens com voxel 0,2 mm detectaram maior número de canais acessórios, em ambos os tipos de dentes. Foram diagnosticados 26 (44%) dentes incisivos e 33 (80%) molares com presença de canais acessórios, nas imagens de voxel 0,2 mm. A concordância entre as avaliações dos diferentes protocolos de voxel foi de aproximadamente 80%. Conclusão: a resolução do voxel influencia na detecção de canais acessórios, em dentes mono e polirradiculares, sendo o voxel com 0,2 mm capaz de identificar maior número de canais quando comparado ao voxel 0,3 mm.

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Objetivo: A análise cefalométrica é utilizada por dentistas no auxílio ao diagnóstico, planejamento e acompanhamento dos tratamentosortodôntico, ortopédico e cirúrgico. Entretanto, a cefalometria não éuma ferramenta precisa e há erros significativos nas medidas obtidaspor examinadores diferentes ou pelo mesmo avaliador em momentosdistintos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a reprodutibilidade das medidas cefalométricas de três especialistas em radiologia odontológica e compará-las com os resultados obtidos por trêsclínicas de radiologia. Materiais e métodos: Os examinadores traçaram os cefalogramas de 39 telerradiografias convencionais da amostra utilizada por Silveira e Silveira (2006). Resultados:O teste de ANOVA revelou uma boa reprodutibilidade para 17 dos 32 fatores nas análises realizadas pelos dentistasespecialistas. Houve concordância entre os especialistas para 53,1% dos fatores, enquanto que para as clínicas de radiologia a concordância foi de somente 12,5%. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que os três especialistas em radiologia obtiveram maior concordância nas aanálises cefalométricas realizadas do que aquelas recebidas pelas clínicas de radiologia estudadas previamente.

Objectives: Cephalometric analysis is used by dentists to assist in thediagnosis, planning and follow-up of orthodontic, orthopedic and surgical treatments. However, cephalometry is not a precise tool, and there are significant errors in the measures obtained by the same or different examiners. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of cephalometric measures obtained by three specialists in oral radiology, and to compare them with the results obtained by three radiology clinics. Materials and Methods : Examiners traced cephalograms from 39 conventional cephalograms from the sample used by Silveira and Silveira (2006). ANOVA revealed good reproducibility of 17 of the 32 factors in the analyses conducted by dental specialists. Results: Agreement between dental specialists was found for 53.1% of the factors, whereas agreement for the results obtained by radiology clinics was only 12.5%. Conclusion: Results showed that tracings by the 3 radiology specialists had greater agreement than those by the radiology clinics under study.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of coronal and sagittal CT sections to detect cavities simulating root resorption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 mandibular incisors were embedded in plaster bases, and cavities with 0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 mm in diameter and 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9 mm in depth (small, medium and large cavities) were drilled on the buccal surfaces with high-speed round burs with diameters of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mm to simulate external inflammatory root resorption. Simulations in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of each tooth root were made randomly. The Dental Scan software was used to obtain 1-mm-thick axial images from direct scanning, which were reconstructed in the coronal and sagittal planes using 3D software (Syngo FastView). Each series was loaded into the software. Fourteen images of each tooth were reconstructed in the coronal plane and 14 in the sagittal plane. A total of 1,652 images were obtained for analysis. Series information, tooth number and the plane reconstructed were stored. The images generated were saved on a CD-ROM together with the visualization software (Syngo FastView). Images were analyzed by a previously calibrated blinded, radiologist. Cochran's Q test was conducted separately for each region analyzed followed by pair-wise comparison by the McNemar test (p=0.05). RESULTS: No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the diagnosis of simulated resorption between the apical, middle, and coronal thirds. When the axial plane was assessed separately, diagnoses were statistically different (p<0.05) among the three root thirds. The apical third differed significantly (p<0.05) from the cervical and middle thirds. Diagnostic errors were more often observed in the apical third compared to the cervical and middle thirds. Mid-sized cavities revealed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between planes, irrespective of the third in which the resorptions were located. CONCLUSION: When tomographic sections are requested for the diagnosis of buccal or lingual external root resorption, sagittal sections afford the best image characterization of the resorption process.

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Os autores apresentam uma revisão da literatura sobre a doença de Von Recklinghausen (neurofibromatose tipo 1) e relatam o caso clínico de uma paciente com comprometimento estomatológico abrangente, evidenciando as características clínicas e radiográficas desta enfermidade. A neurofibromatose é uma doença neurocutânea que apresenta, pelo menos, oito formas reconhecidas, sendo a neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) a mais comum. Embora considerada uma desordem dermatológica, a presença de sinais na cavidade bucal de pacientes com neurobibromatose é bastante referenciada. Paciente de 22 anos, do gênero feminino, procurouo Serviço de Estomatologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre referenciando aumento de volume na faceque lhe comprometia a visão. O exame intrabucal revelou aumento de volume de consistência amolecida nos rebordos alveolares superior e inferior do lado esquerdo e, radiograficamente, constatou-se amplo comprometimento ósseo. Após criterioso exame, o quadro clínico observado foi sugestivo de NF1, diagnóstico confirmado pelo exame histopatológico. A extensão do dano, tanto funcional como estético, que pode ser causado pela NF1 e o potencial de transformação maligna da lesão tornam o diagnóstico precoce da enfermidade fundamental para o prognóstico do caso. Além disso, a possibilidade de envolvimento do sistema estomatológico insere o cirurgião-dentista entre os profissionais responsáveis pela identificação dessa doença.

The authors present a Von Recklinghausen Disease(neurofibromatosis type 1) literature review and report aclinical case of a patient with massive stomatologic injuries,focusing on its clinical and radiographic aspects.Neurofibromatosis is a neurodermal disease, which might appear in at least eight different forms, being the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) the most common. While typically considered a dermatologic disorder, intraoralsigns occur quite commonly. A 22-year-old female patient attended at the HCPA Estomatologic Service referringa swelling in the face, which was compromisingher vision. Physical examination has revealed swellingin both upper and lower alveolar ridges on the left side,and, radiographically, it showed high bone injury. After a careful examination, signs and symptoms suggested NF1, later confirmed by histological examination. The functional and aesthetic damage that NF1 may cause tothe patient and the increased risk of malignancy transformation make the early diagnosis fundamental to caseprognosis. The presence of oral manifestations makes the dentist, amongst other professionals, responsible for the disease identification.

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