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: We have synthesized twenty-three 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives (1,4-DHPs) by using a microwave-assisted one-pot multicomponent Hantzsch reaction and evaluated their antibacterial activity against a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria and their in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes. Thirteen compounds were moderately active against Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, and Lactobacillus paracasei. Compound 22 (diethyl 4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate) displayed moderate antibacterial activity against S. mitis and S. sanguinis, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 500 µg/mL); compounds 8 (ethyl 2,7,7-trimethyl-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate) and 10 (ethyl 2,7,7-trimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate) were moderately active against S. sanguinis (MIC = 500 µg/mL) and very active against L. amazonensis promastigotes (IC50 = 43.08 and 34.28 µM, respectively). Among the eight 1,4-DHPs that were active (IC50 < 50 µM) against L. amazonensis promastigotes, compound 13 (ethyl 2,7,7-trimethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate) was the most active (IC50 = 24.62 µM) and had a Selectivity Index (SI) higher than 4 compared to GM07492A cells. On the other hand, compound 9 (ethyl 2,7,7-trimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate) was the most active against L. amazonensis amastigotes (IC50 = 16.27 µM and SI = 6.1) after 24 h of treatment. Based on our results, asymmetric 1,4-DHPs derived from dimedone exhibit antileishmanial potential.

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Callistemon viminalis has been widely known due to its therapeutic properties. Tuberculosis is a deadly infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other respiratory diseases may also be caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Malassezia furfur causes dermal inflammation and tissue damage. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro inhibitory effects of essential oils (EOs) from C. viminalis leaves (EO-CL) and flowers (EO-CF) against M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium and M. furfur strains. Their cytotoxic activity was evaluated by the brine shrimp assay. Resulting MIC values of all EOs under study were promising since they ranged from 50 to 100 µg/mL. Both EO-CL and EO-CF showed nontoxicity against Artemia salina by the brine shrimp assay (LC50 > 1000 µg/mL). GC-FID and GC-MS analyses showed that 1,8-cineole was the major component of both EOs. These results revealed the promising potential of EO-CL and EO-CF to develop new antibacterial and antifungal drugs.

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Candida species have been responsible for a high number of invasive infections worldwide. In this sense, Rottlerin has demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal, antibiofilm and antivirulence activity of Rottlerin in vitro against Candida spp. and its toxicity and antifungal activity in vivo. Rottlerin showed antifungal activity against all yeasts evaluated, presenting Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentration (MIC and MFC) values of 7.81 to > 1000 µg/mL. Futhermore, it was able to significantly inhibit biofilm production, presenting Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MICB50) values that ranged from 15.62 to 250 µg/mL and inhibition of the cell viability of the biofilm by 50% (IC50) from 2.24 to 12.76 µg/mL. There was a considerable reduction in all hydrolytic enzymes evaluated, with emphasis on hemolysin where Rottlerin showed a reduction of up to 20%. In the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, Rottlerin was able to completely inhibit filamentation by C. albicans. Regarding in vivo tests, Rottlerin did not demonstrate toxicity at the therapeutic concentrations demonstrated here and was able to increase the survival of C. elegans larvae infected. The results herein presented are innovative and pioneering in terms of Rottlerin's multipotentiality against these fungal infections.

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Fungal infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are mainly related to Candida species, with high mortality rates. They are predominantly of endogenous origin, however, cross-infection transmitted by healthcare professionals' hands has occurred. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species isolated from the hands of healthcare professionals in a NICU before and after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel and evaluate virulence factors DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, biofilm biomass production, and metabolic activity. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were also performed. C. parapsilosis complex was the most frequent species (57.1%); all isolates presented at least one virulence factor; three isolates (Candida parapsilosis complex) were resistant to amphotericin B, two (Candida famata [currently Debaryomyces hansenii] and Candida guilliermondii [currently Meyerozyma guilliermondii]) was resistant to micafungin, and six (Candida parapsilosis complex, Candida guilliermondii [=Meyerozyma guilliermondii], Candida viswanathi, Candida catenulata [currently Diutina catenulata] and Candida lusitaniae [currently Clavispora lusitaniae]) were resistant to fluconazole. Molecular analysis by RAPD revealed two clusters of identical strains that were in the hands of distinct professionals. Candida spp. were isolated even after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel, highlighting the importance of stricter basic measures for hospital infection control to prevent nosocomial transmission.

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Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a small herbaceous plant belonging to the Apiaceae family that is rich in triterpenes, such as asiaticoside and madecassoside. Centella asiatica finds broad application in promoting wound healing, addressing skin disorders, and boosting both memory and cognitive function. Given its extensive therapeutic potential, this study aimed not only to investigate the Centella asiatica ethanolic extract but also to analyze the biological properties of its organic fractions, such as antioxidant antiglycation capacity, which are little explored. We also identified the main bioactive compounds through spectrometry analysis. The ethanolic extract (EE) was obtained through a static maceration for seven days, while organic fractions (HF: hexane fraction; DF: dichloromethane fraction; EAF: ethyl acetate fraction; BF: n-butanol fraction and HMF: hydromethanolic fraction) were obtained via liquid-liquid fractionation. The concentration of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in each sample was quantified. Additionally, the antiglycation (BSA/FRU, BSA/MGO, and ARG/MGO models) and antioxidant (FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH) properties, as well as the ability to inhibit LDL oxidation and hepatic tissue peroxidation were evaluated. The inhibition of enzyme activity was also analyzed (α-amylase, α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase). We also evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. The main compounds present in the most bioactive fractions were elucidated through ESI FT-ICR MS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. In the assessment of antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH), the EAF and BF fractions exhibited notable results, and as they are the phenolic compounds richest fractions, they also inhibited LDL oxidation, protected the hepatic tissue from peroxidation and inhibited α-amylase activity. Regarding glycation models, the EE, EAF, BF, and HMF fractions demonstrated substantial activity in the BSA/FRU model. However, BF was the only fraction that presented non-cytotoxic activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages at all tested concentrations. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the antioxidant, antiglycation, and enzymatic inhibition capacities of the ethanolic extract and organic fractions of Centella asiatica. The findings suggest that further in vivo studies, particularly focusing on the butanol fraction (BF), may be promising routes for future research and potential therapeutic applications.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek, a medicinal plant used for treating gastritis, ulcers, and gastric disorders, possesses therapeutic properties attributed to diverse leaf compounds-terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, reflecting the ethnopharmacological knowledge of traditional users. AIMS OF THE STUDY: We aimed to assess the antioxidant and antiglycant capacities of Maytenus ilicifolia's ethanolic extract and organic fractions, identify bioactive compounds through HPLC-MS/MS analysis, and conduct phytochemical assessments. We also assessed their potential to inhibit digestive and cholinesterase enzymes, mitigate oxidation of human LDL and rat hepatic tissue, and examine their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Organic fractions (hexane - HF-Mi, dichloromethane - DMF-Mi, ethyl acetate - EAF-Mi, n-butanol - BF-Mi, and hydromethanolic - HMF-Mi) were obtained via liquid-liquid partitioning. Antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC) and antiglycant (BSA/FRU, BSA/MGO, ARG/MGO/LDL/MGO models) capacities were tested. Phytochemical analysis employed HPLC-MS/MS. We also studied the inhibitory effects on α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, human LDL and rat hepatic tissue oxidation, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. RESULTS: HPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified antioxidant compounds such as catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives. Ethanolic extract (EE-Mi) and organic fractions demonstrated robust antioxidant and antiglycant activity. EAF-Mi and BF-Mi inhibited α-amylase (2.42 µg/mL and 7.95 µg/mL) compared to acarbose (0.144 µg/mL). Most organic fractions exhibited ∼50% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, rivaling galantamine and rivastigmine. EAF-Mi, BF-Mi, and EE-Mi excelled in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. All fractions, except HMF-Mi, effectively countered LDL oxidation, evidenced by the area under the curve. These fractions protected LDL against lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: This study unveils Maytenus ilicifolia's ethanolic extract and organic fractions properties. Through rigorous analysis, we identify bioactive compounds and highlight their antioxidant, antiglycant, enzyme inhibition, and protective properties against oxidative damage. These findings underline its significance in modern pharmacology and its potential applications in healthcare.

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Pterodon pubescens Benth is a Brazilian medicinal plant (sucupira, in Brazilian Portuguese). This paper aims to determine the volatile composition and antibacterial activities of hexane extract from P. pubescens seeds (HE-PP). Antibacterial activities were screened by the microdilution broth method in 96-well culture plates and MIC values were expressed as µg/mL. HE-PP was active against several oral bacteria whose MIC values ranged between 12.5 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL and against three mycobacterial strains (MIC = 125 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL). In addition, HE-PP was active against Xanthomonas citri strain (MIC = 100 µg/mL). Cytotoxic activity of the extract was evaluated in human tumour and non-tumour cell lines. HE-PP showed selective cytotoxicity to cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa cells - IC50 = 53.47 µg/mL). Its major constituents were identified by GC-MS and GC-FID: E-caryophyllene, vouacapane, E-geranylgeraniol and dehydroabietol. Results reinforce the biological potential of HE-PP against a broad spectrum of pathogenic and phytopathogenic bacteria.

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This study aimed at evaluating the potential of Copaifera lucens, specifically its oleoresin (CLO), extract (CECL), and the compound ent-polyalthic acid (PA), in combating caries and toxoplasmosis, while also assessing its toxicity. The study involved multiple assessments, including determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against cariogenic bacteria. CLO and PA exhibited MIC and MBC values ranging from 25 to 50 µg/mL, whereas CECL showed values equal to or exceeding 400 µg/mL. PA also displayed antibiofilm activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm (MICB50) values spanning from 62.5 to 1000 µg/mL. Moreover, PA effectively hindered the intracellular proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii at 64 µg/mL, even after 24 h without treatment. Toxicological evaluations included in vitro tests on V79 cells, where concentrations ranged from 78.1 to 1250 µg/mL of PA reduced colony formation. Additionally, using the Caenorhabditis elegans model, the lethal concentration (LC50) of PA was determined as 1000 µg/mL after 48 h of incubation. Notably, no significant differences in micronucleus induction and the NDI were observed in cultures treated with 10, 20, or 40 µg/mL of CLO. These findings underscore the safety profile of CLO and PA, highlighting their potential as alternative treatments for caries and toxoplasmosis.

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Bacterial and viral infections are serious public health issue. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm and antiviral potential of the Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) crude hydroalcoholic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds, as well as their in vivo toxicity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and the antibiofilm activity by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Biofilm (MICB50). The viable bacteria count (Log10 UFC/mL) was also obtained. The antiviral assays were performed by infecting BHK-21 cells with Chikungunya (CHIKV) nanoluc. The toxicity of the BRP was evaluated in the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. The MIC values for the crude hydroalcoholic extract sample ranged from 3.12 to 100 µg/mL, while fractions and isolated compounds the MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 400 µg/mL.The BRP crude hydroalcoholic extract, oblongifolin B, and gutiferone E presented MICB50 values ranging from 1.56 to 100 µg/mL against monospecies and multispecies biofilms. Neovestitol and vestitol inhibited CHIKV infection by 93.5 and 96.7%, respectively. The tests to evaluate toxicity in C. elegans demonstrated that the BRP was not toxic below the concentrations 750 µg/mL. The results constitute an alternative approach for treating various infectious diseases.

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Fungal infections by Candida spp. are opportunistic and most often occur in individuals with some predisposing factor. Essential oils (EO) have anti-Candida potential, being a therapeutic alternative to be explored, especially for superficial and mucosal candidiasis. The objective was to analyze the synergistic potential between the EO of Citrus limon, Cupressus sempervirens, Litsea cubeba and Melaleuca alternifolia, and each of them with clotrimazole, to inhibit in vitro the formation and eradication of Candida spp. biofilms. Added to this, the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated after exposure to EO, clotrimazole and their synergistic combinations. Anti-Candida activity was determined by microdilution for the substances alone and in EO−EO and EO−clotrimazole combinations. The combinations were performed by the checkerboard method, and the reduction in the metabolic activity of biofilms was determined by the viability of MTT/menadione. C. elegans larvae survival was evaluated after 24 h of exposure to EO, clotrimazole and synergistic combinations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EO ranged from 500 to >4000 µg/mL. The lowest MIC (500 µg/mL) was for C. sempervirens and L. cubeba on a C. krusei isolate; for clotrimazole, the MIC ranged from 0.015 to 0.5 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition and eradication both ranged from 1000 to >4000 µg/mL. The lethal concentration (LC50) of C. limon, L. cubeba and M. alternifolia was 2000 µg/mL for C. elegans, while for C. sempervirens and clotrimazole, it was not determined within the concentration limits tested. In combination, more than 85% of the larvae survived M. alternifolia−clotrimazole, M. alternifolia−L. cubeba, C. sempervirens−clotrimazole and C. sempervirens−C. limon combinations. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to present a synergistic relationship of EO−EO and EO−clotrimazole combinations on Candida spp. biofilms.

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BACKGROUND: Contamination of the hospital environment with multi-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus increases the risk of infection. The aim of this study is to identify the MDR species of Staphylococcus on inanimate surfaces, in air, and in clinical samples, and analyze the risk factors that correlate with the occurrence of infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. METHODS: Samples of inanimate surfaces and air were taken using a premoistened swab (0.9% sodium chloride) and spontaneous air sedimentation, respectively. The clinical isolates were recovered from infected neonates. The isolates (environmental and clinical) were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and the resistance profile was calculated using the disk diffusion agar technique. RESULTS: In total, 181 isolates were obtained, 93 from (surfaces), 18 from the air, and 70 clinical samples. S. epidermidis was the most frequent species (66.8%), and the failure rate in air cleaning was 100%. More than 60% of the isolates were MDR, and the majority of clinical isolates (60.4%) had a resistance profile identical to that of the environmental isolates. CONCLUSION: Staphylococcus spp. were found in most of the analyzed samples, with a high frequency of MDR isolates, demonstrating the importance of the hospital environment as a reservoir, and the need for infection control measures, and rational use of antimicrobials.

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Fungal infections are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in neonatal patients, especially in premature newborns. Infections in neonates caused by Cryptococcus spp. are rare, but it has occurred in an immunocompromised population. This study aims to describe the isolation of Cryptococcus liquefaciens from the hands of a health professional in a neonatal intensive care unit, and to evaluate the production of biofilm and virulence factors and susceptibility to antifungals. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute document M27-A3. Thermotolerance virulence factors and DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolytic activities were verified through phenotypic tests; biofilm was evaluated by determining the metabolic activity and biomass. The isolate did not produce any of the tested enzymes and was susceptible to all antifungals (amphotericin B, fluconazole, and micafungin). The growth at 37 °C was very weak; however, the isolate showed a strong biomass production and low metabolic activity. This is the first report of C. liquefaciens isolated from the hands of a health professional. The isolate did not express any of the studied virulence factors in vitro, except for the low growth at 37 °C in the first 48 h, and the strong production of biofilm biomass. Cryptococcus liquefaciens can remain in the environment for a long time and is a human pathogen because it tolerates temperature variations. This report draws attention to the circulation of rare species in critical locations, information that may help in a fast and correct diagnosis and, consequently, implementation of an appropriate treatment.

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Background and objectives: Healthcare-Associated Infections are a problem reported by hospitals worldwide, increasing patient morbidity and mortality, prolonging hospitalization, and increasing health care costs. The hands of health professionals are still the main source of infections, making hand hygiene extremely important for spreading infection control. The objective of this study was to analyze the presence of bacteria on the hands of health professionals after hygiene with alcohol gel in a Neonatal Unit and describe the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials. Methods: Hand samples were collected using the modified glove-juice method on both occasions, before and after hand hygiene with alcohol gel. Bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF and susceptibility tests according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M100-E29. Results: A total of 214 samples were obtained, of which 104 (48.6%) showed bacterial growth before hand hygiene and 52 (24.3%) after hand hygiene with alcohol gel. There were 217 isolates from the cultures, of which coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequent with 41 (27.2%) and 24 (36.4%) positive cultures, respectively before and after hand hygiene. The second most frequent microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae with 32 (21.2%) and 16 (24.2%), respectively before and after hand hygiene. Multidrug resistance to antimicrobials was detected in 58.1% of gram-positive bacteria and in 34.3% of gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: A decrease was observed, but not an elimination of the microbial load after hand hygiene with alcohol gel, demonstrating the need for improvements in hand hygiene.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: As Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde são um problema relatado por hospitais em todo o mundo, aumentando a morbimortalidade dos pacientes, prolongando a hospitalização e aumentando os custos dos cuidados de saúde. As mãos dos profissionais de saúde ainda são a principal fonte de infecções, tornando a higienização das mãos extremamente importante para a disseminação do controle de infecções. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença de bactérias nas mãos de profissionais de saúde após higienização com álcool gel em uma Unidade Neonatal e descrever a resistência dos microrganismos aos antimicrobianos. Métodos: Amostras de mãos foram coletadas pelo método luva-suco modificado em ambas as ocasiões, antes e após a higienização das mãos com álcool gel. As bactérias foram identificadas por MALDI-TOF e testes de suscetibilidade de acordo com o documento M100-E29 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Resultados: Obteve-se um total de 214 amostras, das quais 104 (48,6%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano antes da higienização das mãos e 52 (24,3%) após a higienização das mãos com álcool gel. Foram 217 isolados das culturas, sendo Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo o mais frequente com 41 (27,2%) e 24 (36,4%) culturas positivas, respectivamente antes e após a higienização das mãos. O segundo microrganismo mais frequente foi Klebsiella pneumoniae com 32 (21,2%) e 16 (24,2%), respectivamente antes e após a higienização das mãos. A multirresistência aos antimicrobianos foi detectada em 58,1% das bactérias gram-positivas e em 34,3% das bactérias gram-negativas. Conclusão: Observou-se diminuição, mas não eliminação da carga microbiana após higienização das mãos com álcool gel, demonstrando a necessidade de melhorias na higienização das mãos.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: Las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de la Salud son un problema reportado por los hospitales a nivel mundial, aumentando la morbimortalidad de los pacientes, prolongando la hospitalización y aumentando los costos de la atención médica. Las manos de los profesionales de la salud siguen siendo la principal fuente de infecciones, por lo que la higiene de manos es extremadamente importante para el control de infecciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la presencia de bacterias en las manos de los profesionales de la salud después de la higiene con alcohol en gel en una Unidad Neonatal y describir la resistencia de los microorganismos a los antimicrobianos. Métodos: Se recogieron muestras de manos mediante el método guante-jugo modificado en ambas ocasiones, antes y después de la higiene de manos con alcohol en gel. Las bacterias se identificaron mediante MALDI- -TOF y pruebas de susceptibilidad de acuerdo con el documento M100-E29 del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 214 muestras, de las cuales 104 (48,6%) presentaron crecimiento bacteriano antes de la higiene de manos y 52 (24,3%) después de la higiene de manos con alcohol en gel. Hubo 217 aislamientos de los cultivos, de los cuales el Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fue el más frecuente con 41 (27,2%) y 24 (36,4%) cultivos positivos, respectivamente antes y después de la higiene de manos. El segundo microorganismo más frecuente fue Klebsiella pneumoniae con 32 (21,2%) y 16 (24,2%), respectivamente antes y después de la higiene de manos. Se detectó multirresistencia a los antimicrobianos en el 58,1% de las bacterias grampositivas y en el 34,3% de las bacterias gramnegativas. Conclusión: Se observó una disminución, pero no una eliminación de la carga microbiana después de la higiene de manos con alcohol en gel, lo que demuestra la necesidad de mejoras en la higiene de manos.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Increased survival of preterm neonates who require hospitalization at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit has led to an increase in infections. This study aims to describe the temporal trend, risk factors, and outcome of healthcare-associated infections in a NICU of a high complexity hospital, with emphasis on the differences of incidence between bacterial and fungal infections. METHODS: The study was carried out from January 2013 to December 2016, with daily follow-up of the newborns by the National Healthcare Safety Network. RESULTS: The study included 881 newborns, of whom 214 had a bacterial infection, 19 had fungi infection, and 12 bacterial and fungal infections associated. The hospital infection rate was 12/1000 patient-days. SNAPPE>24, days of hospitalization and PICC days were independent risk factors for the development of fungal and bacterial infection, respectively, with statistical significance for bacterial and fungal infections. The mortality rate was 2.6 times higher in those who had fungal infection than in those who had a bacterial infection. The occurrence of invasive infections was higher in the years 2015 and 2016 and Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts were more frequent, impacting morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The use of invasive devices is a risk factor for the occurrence of HAI caused by bacteria and fungi. The frequency of deaths was higher in the group of neonates with fungal infection. These results point to the importance of constant epidemiological surveillance and measures of effective control of infections in NICU.

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Some species of Klebsiella, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca, are important nosocomial pathogens frequently involved in outbreaks in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) and have the ability to form a biofilm. This study aims to evaluate the biofilm production of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca isolates collected from the hands of health professionals, neonates' blood and the environment of a Brazilian NICU, using three colorimetric methods and a classical method of counting the colony-forming units and compare the analysis among these techniques. The biofilm formation was carried out by the microplate technique, using three colorimetric assays: crystal violet, safranin and 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl) -5 [(phenylamino) arbonyl] - 2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT). Also, colony-forming units were determined. Twenty-eight isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from the blood, hands and environment and five of K. oxytoca from the hands and environment. All of them were strong biofilm producers, but K. pneumoniae isolates produced more biofilm than K. oxytoca when compared to the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains used as positive controls. The number of viable cells in the biofilm produced by K. pneumoniae isolated from blood was significantly higher than in the control sample. Regarding the three colorimetric tests used in the study, the violet crystal obtained a higher absorbance average. The use of crystal-violet and XTT in the evaluation of biofilm in vitro make possible a complete analysis, since that it can quantify the total biomass (including the extracellular matrix) and evaluate the metabolic activity. In conclusion, this study identified isolates of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca that produce biofilms in the NICU and the bloodstream of neonates. This fact deserves attention since these patients are immunocompromised. The best methods will be chosen to answer research questions by always adopting more than one method so that more than one parameter or component of the biofilm is analyzed.

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O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar os fatores de riscos à saúde de pacientes em tratamento antitabagismo segundo a carga tabágica. Tratou-se de estudo do tipo transversal e retrospectivo mediante a avaliação dos prontuários de pacientes vinculados no Grupo de Antitabagismo do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial ­ Álcool e Drogas da Secretaria Regional II (SR II) da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram analisados 191 prontuários de pacientes admitidos entre fevereiro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2014. Os resultados informaram que 131 pacientes são do sexo feminino, perfazendo 68,6% da amostra; e 60 pacientes do sexo masculino, totalizando 31,4% da amostra. A carga tabágica média para o sexo feminino foi de 42 maços ano. As mulheres procuravam mais a assistência à saúde, sendo o maior percentual da amostra. Concluiu-se que a elevada ou baixa carga tabágica concorre para a incidência de doenças cardiovasculares e pulmonares e, portanto, apresenta-se como fator de risco à saúde, principalmente quanto ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e cânceres.

The objective of this article was to analyze the health risk factors of patients under anti-smoking treatment according to tobacco intake. It is a cross-sectional and retrospective study through an evaluation of the medical records of patients not linked to the Anti-smoking Group of the Psychosocial Care Center - Alcohol and Drugs of the Regional Secretariat II (SR II) in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. 191 medical records of patients admitted in February 2011 and February 2014 were analyzed. The results reported that 131 patients are female, making up to 68.6% of the sample and 60 male patients, totalizing 31.4% of the sample. The average tobacco intake for females was 42 packs a year. Women sought more medical care, the highest percentage of the sample. In conclusion, the high or low tobacco intake charge influences the incidence of cardiovascular and lung diseases thus it is health risk factor, mainly for the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases and cancers.

El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar los factores de riesgo a la salud de los pacientes en tratamiento antitabaco según la carga tabáquica. Se trató de estudio del tipo transversal y retrospectivo mediante la evaluación de los prontuarios de pacientes vinculados en el Grupo de Antitabaquismo del Centro de Atención Psicosocial - Alcohol y Drogas de la Secretaría Regional II (SR II) de la ciudad de Fortaleza, Ceará. Se analizaron 191 prontuarios de pacientes admitidos entre febrero de 2011 y febrero de 2014. Los resultados informaron que 131 pacientes son del sexo femenino, el 68,6% de la muestra y 60 pacientes del sexo masculino, totalizando el 31,4% de la muestra. La carga tabáquica media para el sexo femenino fue de 42 meses. Las mujeres buscaban más la asistencia a la salud, siendo el mayor porcentaje de la muestra. Se concluyó que la elevada o baja carga tabáquica concurre a la incidencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares y pulmonares y, por lo tanto, se presenta como factor de riesgo a la salud, principalmente en cuanto al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y cánceres.

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Compreender a importância da atividade teatral como recurso terapêuticoocupacional na prevenção ao uso de drogas ilícitas por adolescentes inseridos em um projeto psicossocial comunitário. Métodos: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, do tipo descritivo, sob a perspectiva crítico-reflexiva, realizado em um centro comunitário na Comunidade do Dendê, em Fortaleza-CE, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu de março a maio de 2009, tendo como sujeitos dez (10) adolescentes de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 12 a 18 anos, em situação de vunerabilidade social, vinculados ao Grupo de Expressões Sócio-Teatrais em Terapia Ocupacional (GESTTO). Utilizou-se entrevista estruturada, observação simples dos grupos de atividades teatrais e diário de campo. A análise do material empírico se baseou na análise do discurso de Orlandi. Resultados: Evidenciou-se que as atividades teatrais, utilizadas como recurso terapêutico ocupacional, favorecem o aumento da autoestima, a reestruturação do modelo de identidade social e a descoberta de potencialidades e capacidades por parte dos adolescentes, para serem agentes multiplicadores na prevenção ao uso de drogas na comunidade. Conclusão: A atividade teatral proporcionou aos adolescentes esclarecimentos quanto ao uso e abuso de drogas ilícitas, tornando-os sensíveis à prevenção e autoidentidade, transformando seu cotidiano...

To understand the importance of theater as an occupational therapy resource for the prevention of substance abuse by teens enrolled in a community-based psychosocial project. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive study with a critical reflection approach held at a community center in the Community of Dendê, Fortaleza-Ceará, Data were collected from March to May 2009 in a group of ten (10) teenagers of both sexes, aged 12 to 18 years, who lived in socially vulnerable situations and participated in the GESTTO group (Group of Socio-theatrical Expressions in Occupational Therapy). A structured interview was used with a simple observation of groups of theatrical activities and a book. The analysis of the empirical material was based on Orlandi?s discourse analysis. Results: It was found that theatrical activities used as an occupational therapy resource constitute a powerful tool for the prevention of substance abuse, promoting increased self-esteem, the restructuring of the model of social identity, and the discovery of potentialities and abilities by teenagers so that they can become peer educators for the prevention of substance abuse in the community. Conclusion: The theatrical activity provided teenagers with a clear understanding of the use and abuse of illicit drugs, making them more sensitive to prevention and self-identity, making a significant change in their lives...

Comprender la importancia de la actividad teatral como recurso terapéutico ocupacional para la prevención de uso de drogas ilícitas por adolescentes inseridos en un proyecto psicosocial comunitario. Métodos: Estudio de naturaleza cualitativa del tipo descriptivo en la perspectiva critico-reflexivo realizado en el centro comunitario de la Comunidad del Dendê, Fortaleza-Ceará, cuya recogida de datos se dio entre marzo ymayo de 2009 con diez (10) adolescentes de ambos los sexos em la franja etaria de 12 a 18 años en situación de vulnerabilidad social, vinculados al Grupo GESTTO (Grupo de Expresiones Socio-Teatrales en Terapia Ocupacional). Se utilizó la entrevista estructurada, observación simple de los grupos de actividades teatrales y notas de campo. El análisis del material empírico fue basado en el análisis de discurso de Orlandi. Resultados: Se evidencio que las actividades de teatro utilizadas como recurso terapéutico ocupacional constituyen un potente recurso para La prevención de usos de drogas ilícitas, favoreciendo el aumento de la autoestima, la reestructuración del modelo de identidad social, la descubierta de potencialidades y capacidades de losadolescentes para ser agentes multiplicadores de la prevención de uso de drogas en la comunidad. Conclusión: La actividad teatral proporcionó a los adolescentes esclarecimiento sobre el uso y abuso de drogas ilícitas volviéndolos sensibles em relación a la prevención, auto identidad, cambiando su cotidianoexperimentado anteriormente...

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