RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Susceptibility to and severity of periodontal disease is influenced by gene polymorphisms related to the immune response. Co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD28 and CTLA-4, are critical in the development of such responses. Our hypothesis is that polymorphisms in genes that code for these molecules may be associated with periodontitis. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between +17 (T/C) CD28 and +49 (A/G) CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and periodontitis in Brazilians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was obtained from oral swabs of 424 individuals categorized into three groups (control group, aggressive, and chronic periodontitis) considering clinical parameters such as probing depth and clinical attachment loss. The genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: There was an association between the T(-) genotype of the CD28 polymorphism and aggressive periodontitis (P = 0.04). Moreover, the A(+) genotype for CTLA-4 was associated with greater clinical attachment loss in non-smokers with aggressive periodontitis (P = 0.006, OR = 16.25, CI = 2.25-117.11). CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that T(-) in CD28 + 17 (T/C) and the A(+) in CTLA-4 +49 (A/G) genotypes are associated with susceptibility to aggressive periodontal disease. Thus, our study highlights these polymorphisms as potential genetic susceptibility markers of periodontitis in Brazilians.
Asunto(s)
Periodontitis Agresiva/genética , Antígenos CD28/genética , Antígeno CTLA-4/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adenina , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Periodontitis Agresiva/inmunología , Brasil , Periodontitis Crónica/genética , Periodontitis Crónica/inmunología , Citosina , ADN/análisis , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Genotipo , Guanina , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pérdida de la Inserción Periodontal/genética , Pérdida de la Inserción Periodontal/inmunología , Bolsa Periodontal/genética , Bolsa Periodontal/inmunología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción/genética , Fumar , Timina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A new species of the genus Henneguya (Henneguya multiplasmodialis n. sp.) was found infecting the gills of three of 89 specimens (3.3%) of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and two of 79 specimens (2.6%) of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum from rivers in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of the spores obtained from one plasmodium from the gills of P. corruscans and other one from the gills of P. reticulatum, respectively, resulted in a total of 1560 and 1147 base pairs. As the spores of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. resemble those of Henneguya corruscans, which is also a parasite of P. corruscans, sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of the spores of H. corruscans found on P. corruscans caught in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland was also provided to avoid any taxonomic pendency between these two species, resulting in 1913 base pairs. The sequences of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. parasite of P. corruscans and P. reticulatum and H. corruscans did not match any of the Myxozoa available in the GenBank. The similarity of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. obtained from P. corruscans to that from P. reticulatum was of 99.7%. Phylogeny revealed a strong tendency among Henneguya species to form clades based on the order and/or family of the host fish. H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. clustered in a clade with Henneguya eirasi and H. corruscans, which are also parasites of siluriforms of the family Pimelodidae and, together with the clade composed of Henneguya spp. parasites of siluriforms of the family Ictaluridae, formed a monophyletic clade of parasites of siluriform hosts. The histological study revealed that the wall of the plasmodia of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. were covered with a stratified epithelium rich in club cells and supported by a layer of connective tissue. The interior of the plasmodia had a network of septa that divided the plasmodia into numerous compartments. The septa were composed of connective tissue also covered on both sides with a stratified epithelium rich in club cells. Inflammatory infiltrate was found in the tissue surrounding the plasmodia as well as in the septa.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Myxozoa/fisiología , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/parasitología , Humedales , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Peces , Branquias/parasitología , Branquias/ultraestructura , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Myxozoa/genética , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/epidemiología , Filogenia , RíosRESUMEN
A new myxosporean species, Henneguya eirasi n. sp., is described parasitizing the gill filaments of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) caught in the Patanal Wetland of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The parasite formed white, elongated plasmodia measuring up to 3mm. Mature spores were ellipsoidal in the frontal view, measuring 37.1 ± 1.8 µm in total length, 12.9 ± 0.8 µm in body length, 3.4 ± 0.3 µm in width, 3.1 ± 0.1 µm in thickness and 24.6 ± 2.2 µm in the caudal process. Polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 5.4 ± 0.5 µm in length and 0.7 ± 0.1 µm in width. Polar filaments had 12-13 coils. Histopathological analysis revealed that the parasite developed in the sub-epithelial connective tissue of the gill filaments and the plasmodia were surrounded by a capsule of host connective tissue. The plasmodia caused slight compression of the adjacent tissues, but no inflammatory response was observed in the infection site. Ultrastructure analysis revealed a single plasmodial wall connected to the ectoplasmic zone through numerous pinocytotic canals. The plasmodial wall exhibited numerous projections and slightly electron-dense material was found in the ectoplasm next to the plasmodial wall, forming a line just below the wall. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of H. eirasi n. sp. obtained from P. fasciatum resulted in a total of 1066 bp and this sequence did not match any of the Myxozoa available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the Henneguya species clustering into clades following the order and family of the host fishes. H. eirasi n. sp. clustered alone in one clade, which was the basal unit for the clade composed of Henneguya species parasites of siluriform ictalurids. The prevalence of the parasite was 17.1% in both fish species examined. Parasite prevalence was not influenced by season, host sex or host size.
Asunto(s)
Bagres/parasitología , Myxozoa/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Brasil , ADN Protozoario/química , ADN Protozoario/genética , Femenino , Branquias/parasitología , Histocitoquímica , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Myxozoa/genética , Myxozoa/ultraestructura , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 18S/química , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Alineación de Secuencia , HumedalesRESUMEN
This work is part of an ongoing investigation into the characteristics of Myxozoan parasites of freshwater fish in Brazil and was carried out using morphology, histopathology and molecular analysis. A new Myxosporea species (Myxobolus cordeiroi) is described infecting the jaú catfish (Zungaro jahu). Fifty jaú specimens were examined and 78% exhibited plasmodia of the parasite. The plasmodia were white and round, measuring 0.3-2.0mm in diameter and the development occurred in the gill arch, skin, serosa of the body cavity, urinary bladder and eye. The spores had an oval body and the spore wall was smooth. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene resulted in a total of 505bp and the alignment of the sequences obtained from samples in different organs revealed 100% identity. In the phylogenetic analysis, the Myxobolus species clustered into two clades-one primarily parasites of freshwater fish and the other primarily parasites of marine fish. M. cordeiroi n. sp. was clustered in a basal position in the freshwater fish species clade. The histological analysis revealed the parasite in the connective tissue of the different infected sites, thereby exhibiting affinity to this tissue. The plasmodium was surrounded by an outer collagen capsule of fibers with distinct orientation from the adjacent connective tissue and an inner layer composed of delicate collagen fibrils-more precisely reticular fibers. The development of the parasite in the cornea and urinary bladder caused considerable stretching of the epithelium.
Asunto(s)
Bagres/parasitología , Eucariontes/clasificación , Eucariontes/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/parasitología , Animales , Brasil , Eucariontes/genética , Eucariontes/ultraestructura , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Branquias/parasitología , Filogenia , Membrana Serosa/parasitología , Piel/parasitología , Esporas Protozoarias , Vejiga Urinaria/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Colheu-se sangue de sete suínos infectados com ovos de Taenia solium, semanalmente, durante 140 dias, para realizar ELISA no soro, utilizando antígeno de escólex (Es-Tso) de C. cellulosae. Em todos os animais, após o 21º dia pós-infecção, houve incremento significativo de anticorpos IgG, que assim se mantiveram até o final do experimento. A sensibilidade do ELISA variou entre 87,5 e 100 por cento. A necropsia, foram identificados 238 cisticercos. Seis suínos apresentaram pelo menos um cisto no coração, língua ou masseter. Não se observou correlação entre concentração de anticorpos e número de cisticercos identificados.
Blood samples from seven swines infected with eggs of Taenia solium, were collected weekly during a period of 140 days. The ELISA was carried out in serum, using antigen from Cysticercus cellulosae scolex (Es-Tso). The antibody levels for all animals significantly increased and maintained constant from the 21th day post-infection to the end of the experiment. The sensitivity of the ELISA test averaged between 87.5 percent and 100 percent. At the necropsy, 238 cysticerci were identified. Six swines presented at least one cysticercus in one of the organs: heart, tongue or masseter. No correlation between concentration of antibodies and number of identified cysticerci at necropsy, was observed.