RESUMEN
Inflammation is a protective response of the body potentially caused by microbial, viral, or fungal infections, tissue damage, or even autoimmune reactions. The cardinal signs of inflammation are consequences of immunological, biochemical, and physiological changes that trigger the release of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators at the local of the injured site thus, increasing blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte recruitment. The aim of this study is to give an overview of the inflammatory process, focusing on chemical mediators. The literature review was based on a search of journals published between the years 2009 and 2023, regarding the role of major chemical mediators in the inflammatory process and current studies in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Some of the recent contributions in the study of inflammatory pathologies and their mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, the kinin system, free radicals, nitric oxide, histamine, cell adhesion molecules, leukotrienes, prostaglandins and the complement system and their role in human health and chronic diseases.
Asunto(s)
Inflamación , Leucocitos , Humanos , Inflamación/patología , Citocinas , Prostaglandinas , Histamina , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismoRESUMEN
Milonine is a morphinandienone alkaloid from Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl (Menispermaceae), a plant used in Brazil to treat inflammatory disorders. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of milonine (MIL) by using classical experimental models of inflammation and nociception. The results showed that MIL reduced the paw edema formation induced by lipopolysaccharide, prostaglandin E2, and bradykinin, without interfering with the serotonin-induced edema. With respect to the nociception experiments, MIL decreased the exudate into the peritoneum induced by acetic acid, maintaining the tissue morphology. The alkaloid was able to inhibit the peritonitis induced by carrageenan, decreasing mainly the migration of polymorphonuclear cells, without altering the mononuclear cell number, and reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß in the peritoneum. In addition, MIL was able to decrease the frequency of abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid but did not increase the latency time of the animals in the hot plate test. MIL significantly reduced the nociceptive behavior of paw licking induced by formalin only at the second phase of the test. In conclusion, we demonstrate that milonine has anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities by inhibiting mediators essential for the inflammatory process.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos , Antiinflamatorios , Interleucina-1beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Morfinanos/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Analgésicos/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Interleucina-1beta/biosíntesis , Dolor Nociceptivo/prevención & control , Ratas , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Objective: To investigate the antifungal potential of A. colubrina, and its phytochemical characteristics, thermal profile and toxicity. Material and Methods: To assess potential antifungal activity, the technique of microdilution was used with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration, using standard species of Candida and recent clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Analyses of action of the extract were performed on the wall and cell morphology of C. albicans, of the interactive effect between the plant extract and nystatin on C. albicans through the checkerboard method, and of growth kinetics. The phytochemical screening was determined by spectrophotometry. The thermal profile was traced with the determination of thermogravimetric curves (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The toxicity was evaluated by the method of hemolysis. Results: The extract of A. colubrina showed a fungistatic potential against all bacteria tested and it acted by modifying the cellular morphology of C. albicans. There was a synergism between nystatin and the plant extract (FIC=0.375), and 53.18% of total polyphenols were determined. The TG curve showed the occurrence of three steps of thermal decomposition. None of the tested concentrations became the effective cytotoxic concentration. Conclusion: Further studies should be conducted to understand the efficacy and the mechanisms of action involved in the antifungal activity of the plant extract of A. colubrina in order to produce a new drug for the treatment of oral candidiasis.