RESUMEN
Banana vascular wilt or Moko is a disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. This study aimed to sequence, assemble, annotate, and compare the genomes of R. solanacearum Moko ecotypes of different sequevar strains from Brazil. Average nucleotide identity analyses demonstrated a high correlation (> 96%) between the genome sequences of strains CCRMRs277 (sequevar IIA-24), CCRMRs287 (IIB-4), CCRMRs304 (IIA-24), and CCRMRsB7 (IIB-25), which were grouped into phylotypes IIA and IIB. The number of coding sequences present in chromosomes and megaplasmids varied from 3,070 to 3,521 and 1,669 to 1,750, respectively. Pangenome analysis identified 3,378 clusters in the chromosomes, of which 2,604 were shared by all four analyzed genomes and 2,580 were single copies. In megaplasmids, 1,834 clusters were identified, of which 1,005 were shared by all four genomes and 992 were identified as single copies. Strains CCRMRsB7 and CCRMRs287 differed from the others by having unique clusters in both their chromosomes and megaplasmids, and CCRMRsB7 possessed the largest genome among all Moko ecotype strains sequenced to date. Therefore, the genomic information obtained in this study provides a theoretical basis for the identification, characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of R. solanacearum Moko ecotypes.
RESUMEN
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of Moko disease in bananas, which in the state of Sergipe in northeastern Brazil causes "Sergipe facies". This disease induces atypical symptoms similar to those of Bugtok disease in the Philippines. This study was conducted to sequence, assemble, and annotate the genomes of the Sergipe facies-causing isolates SFC and IBSBF2570 (sequevar IIA-53) and compare their genomes with two representative isolates causing Bugtok disease. The genomes were sequenced and assembled, resulting in lengths of 5.58 Mb (SFC) and 5.46 Mb (IBSBF2570) in 185 and 174 contigs, respectively. The isolates of Sergipe facies and Bugtok disease showed similarities in their gene contents. We identified 5,668 information clusters, 3,752 of which were shared by all genomes (core genes). Moreover, 3,585 single-copy genes were identified. Isolates causing Bugtok disease exclusively shared 266 more information clusters than the isolates causing Sergipe facies. These results suggest that Sergipe facies and Bugtok disease isolates show high genomic similarity. However, the similarity is even greater between the Bugtok disease isolates. This may be because of their longer period of interaction compared to Sergipe facies isolates.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Cattle have extensive paranasal sinuses that are susceptible to disease, most commonly sinusitis. The sinuscopy can be used to evaluate these structures, although there are no descriptions of this region for endoscopic anatomy, especially regarding the trocar position and the most appropriate type of endoscope. This study aimed to standardize the surgical approaches to sinuscopy in cattle by comparing the use of three endoscopes. Four accesses by trephination (one hole for each of the maxillary and frontal sinuses) were made in eight heads of slaughtered cattle. Each hole was inspected with three endoscopes: a 10mm flexible colonoscope with up to 180º of angulation, a 10mm 0° laparoscope and a 4mm 30º arthroscope. It was observed that all regions of the maxillary sinus were better visualized with the 4mm endoscope, and the structures of this sinus were less well visualized with the 10mm laparoscope. The frontal sinus was difficult to evaluate due to the tortuosity of its bony projections, and the cranial portion was not observed by the proposed accesses. The caudal regions of the frontal sinus such as the nuchal diverticulum and the back of the orbit had the greatest number of structures visualized by the 4mm endoscope, followed by the colonoscope. The comparative analysis showed that the 4mm endoscope was most efficient and could be adapted to sinuscopy in cattle.
RESUMO: Os bovinos apresentam seios paranasais extensos e passíveis de afecções, como a sinusite. A sinuscopia, técnica já utilizada em outras espécies, avalia os seios paranasais de modo pouco invasivo e não é descrita em bovinos. O presente estudo objetivou padronizar os acessos cirúrgicos para sinuscopia em bovinos, testando três técnicas de videoendoscopia. Foram selecionadas oito cabeças de bovinos provenientes de abatedouro comercial, sendo realizada a trepanação dos seios maxilares e frontais de ambos os lados (um orifício por seio). Cada seio foi inspecionado com três óticas: um colonoscópio flexível com 10mm de diâmetro e até 180º de angulação, um laparoscópio rígido de 10mm e 0º e um artroscópio rígido de 4mm e 30º. Na região caudal do seio maxilar, os alvéolos e abertura maxilopalatina foram visualizadas com todas as óticas. A região caudodorsomedial e rostral do seio maxilar foram observadas com a ótica flexível e a rígida de 4mm, sendo que apenas esta adentrou no seio palatino. O seio frontal é de difícil visualização, devido à tortuosidade de suas projeções ósseas e sua porção cranial não foi observada pelo acesso proposto. A região caudal do seio frontal, o divertículo nucal e a área caudal à órbita tiveram o maior número de estruturas visualizadas com a ótica rígida de 4mm, seguida da flexível. A análise comparativa demonstra que a técnica utilizando a ótica rígida de 4mm permite a visualização de um maior número de estruturas com maior detalhamento e é a que mais se adapta à sinuscopia em bovinos.
RESUMEN
O criptorquidismo em equinos é uma afecção relativamente comum sendo caracterizada pela falha na descida de um ou ambos os testículos da cavidade abdominal para a bolsa escrotal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter dados clínico-cirúrgicos do criptorquidismo em cavalos determinando-se a frequência e distribuição da afecção com interesse na raça, idade, classificação da retenção e procedimento cirúrgico utilizado no tratamento. Para tanto utilizaram-se dados do tratamento cirúrgico de 55 cavalos criptorquidas da região noroeste do Paraná, de variadas raças e idades. O acesso cirúrgico para orquiectomia nos criptórquios abdominais foi realizado através da laparotomia parainguinal direita ou esquerda seguida da remoção do testículo da cavidade e nos criptórquios inguinais, a gônada afetada foi removida por orquiectomia inguinal. O pós-operatório consistiu em ducha com água corrente e curativo diário da ferida cirúrgica e todos os animais foram mantidos no hospital veterinário por 14 dias. Concluiu-se que a frequência da afecção foi elevada em cavalos da raça Quarto de Milha, que totalizou 42 dos 55 casos atendidos e a forma mais frequente de criptorquismo observada nos animais desse levantamento foi a abdominal unilateral esquerda, com 28 casos equivalendo a 50,9% de todos os animais
Cryptorchidism in horses is a relatively common disease and is characterized by failure in the descent of one or both testicles the abdominal cavity to the scrotum. The objective of this research was to obtain clinical and surgical data of cryptorchidism in horses by determining the frequency and distribution of disease with an interest in race, age , classification and retention of surgical procedure used to treat . For this we used data of surgical treatment of 55 horses cryptorchids the northwestern region of Paraná , of varying breeds and ages . Surgical access to the abdominal cryptorchid orchiectomy was performed through the right and left followed by removal of the testicle cavity parainguinal or laparotomy and inguinal cryptorchid , the affected gonad was removed by inguinal orchiectomy . The postoperative course was to shower with running water and daily dressing of the wound and all animals were kept at the hospital for 14 days . It was concluded that the frequency of the disease was high in race horses Quarter Horses , totaling 42 of the 55 treated cases and the most frequent form of cryptorchidism observed in animals of this survey was the unilateral abdominal left with 28 cases amounting to 50.9 % all animals.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Orquiectomía , Criptorquidismo , Caballos , Cirugía GeneralRESUMEN
O criptorquidismo em equinos é uma afecção relativamente comum sendo caracterizada pela falha na descida de um ou ambos os testículos da cavidade abdominal para a bolsa escrotal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter dados clínico-cirúrgicos do criptorquidismo em cavalos determinando-se a frequência e distribuição da afecção com interesse na raça, idade, classificação da retenção e procedimento cirúrgico utilizado no tratamento. Para tanto utilizou-se dados do tratamento cirúrgico de 55 cavalos criptorquidas da região noroeste do Paraná, de variadas raças e idades. O acesso cirúrgico para orquiectomia nos criptórquios abdominais foi realizado através da laparotomia parainguinal direita ou esquerda seguida da remoção do testículo da cavidade e nos criptórquios inguinais, a gônada afetada foi removida por orquiectomia inguinal. O pós-operatório consistiu em ducha com água corrente e curativo diário da ferida cirúrgica e todos os animais foram mantidos no hospital veterinário por 14 dias. Concluiu-se que a frequência da afecção foi elevada em cavalos da raça Quarto de Milha, que totalizou 42 dos 55 casos atendidos e a forma mais frequente de criptorquismo observada nos animais desse levantamento foi a abdominal unilateral esquerda com 28 casos equivalendo à 50,9% de todos os animais.
Cryptorchidism in horses is a relatively common disease and is characterized by failure in the descent of one or both testicles theabdominal cavity to the scrotum. The objective of this research was to obtain clinical and surgical data of cryptorchidism in horsesby determining the frequency and distribution of disease with an interest in race, age , classification and retention of surgicalprocedure used to treat . For this we used data of surgical treatment of 55 horses cryptorchids the northwestern region of Paraná, of varying breeds and ages . Surgical access to the abdominal cryptorchid orchiectomy was performed through the right and leftfollowed by removal of the testicle cavity parainguinal or laparotomy and inguinal cryptorchid , the affected gonad was removedby inguinal orchiectomy . The postoperative course was to shower with running water and daily dressing of the wound and allanimals were kept at the hospital for 14 days . It was concluded that the frequency of the disease was high in race horses QuarterHorses , totaling 42 of the 55 treated cases and the most frequent form of cryptorchidism observed in animals of this survey wasthe unilateral abdominal left with 28 cases amounting to 50.9 % all animals.