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Abstract Purpose: We performed a systemic review with meta-analysis to compare tubeless vs conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and assess the effectiveness and safety of this innovative procedure. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, and Cochrane Library was performed to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared tubeless PCNL vs conventional PCNL. The analyzed outcomes were stone-free rate, pain assessment, analgesic medication requirements, operative time, hospitalization time, blood loss, and complications. Results: A total of 10 RCTs were identified that reported 621 patients. Seven studies analyzed stone-free rates. Meta-analysis of the data resulted in no difference between tubeless and conventional PCNL. Operative time, blood transfusion, hemoglobin drop and postoperative fever did not differ between the groups. Meta-analysis of length of hospitalization and prolonged urinary drainage was analyzed and favored the tubeless PCNL group. Conclusions: Tubeless PCNL is a safe and effective procedure with a stone clearance rate comparable to that of conventional PCNL. Tubeless PCNL presented a shorter hospital stay and less postoperative urinary leakage. Pain reduction and minimization of analgesic requirements also were demonstrated.

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OBJECTIVES: Since accurate tumor localization and quantification are essential requisites avoiding prostate cancer overtreatment, we analyzed the impact of core fragmentation and the relation between core biopsy taken and pathological information in regard to cancer extension and aggressiveness (Gleason score). METHODS: One hundred and ninety-nine men submitted to trans-rectal prostate biopsy by the same urologist between October 2006 and October 2008 were included, and the number of cores obtained by biopsy compared to the number of cores examined by the same pathologist. RESULTS: Total core number obtained by biopsy was 21.54 (± 3.56) compared to 24.08 (± 4.77) examined by the pathologist, P < 0.01. Dividing prostate gland by areas such as base, mid and apical right and left, all areas showed statistically different core number between biopsy and pathological examination report (P < 0.01). Mean ratio of positive core cancer length was 0.41 (± 0.12) and 0.32 (± 0.8) comparing individual and overall cores analysis, respectively (P < 0.01). The mean Gleason score in the individual and overall cores analysis were 6.6 (6-9) and 6.3 (6-9), respectively, P < 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the ongoing trend for earlier diagnosis of increasing numbers of younger men with low-risk prostate cancer, this study is original and demonstrates the possibility of core fragmentation, explaining in part over- and under-staging. One core per container and an overall Gleason score and percentage of adenocarcinoma for each container are encouraged.

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RESUMO OBJETIVO: Pacientes vítimas de trauma cardíaco morrem, na maioria das vezes, antes de receberem atendimento médico. Porém, são poucos os estudos epidemiológicos deste tipo de lesão descrevendo a porcentagem de pacientes que chegam a ser tratados. O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar as características das vítimas de trauma cardíaco através da interpretação de laudos de necropsia. MÉTODO: Foram revisados 1.976 casos de óbito por causas externas submetidos a necropsia no Instituto Médico Legal de Campinas, num período de dois anos. Os casos foram divididos em dois grupos: I, trauma penetrante; e II, trauma fechado. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio dos traumas penetrantes (1.294 casos - 65,5 por cento). Trauma cardíaco foi identificado em 359 laudos (18,2 por cento), sendo 296 do grupo I e 63 do grupo II. No grupo I, 73,6 por cento dos óbitos ocorreram no local do trauma e apenas 18 pacientes (6 por cento) foram atendidos em hospital e submetidos a toracotomia. No grupo II o tratamento cirúrgico foi indicado em dois dos 14 traumatizados (3,2 por cento dos traumas fechados) admitidos com presença de sinais vitais. A câmara cardíaca mais acometida no grupo I foi o ventrículo esquerdo (lesão isolada em 24,6 por cento dos casos) e no grupo II o ventrículo direito (25 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que as lesões cardíacas são eminentemente fatais e apenas 5,6 por cento destes traumatizados que morreram chegaram a receber tratamento efetivo.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The vast majority of cardiac trauma victims die before receiving medical care. However, epidemiological studies are few about this injury, describing the patients whom treatment is provided. The objective of this study is to evaluate cardiac injuries victims' profile through the autopsy findings. METHODS: We have reviewed 1.976 external causes death cases, which were autopsied in the Campinas Medical Legal Institute, over a two-year period. The cases were assigned for two groups: I, penetrating trauma, and II, blunt trauma. RESULTS: Penetrating trauma was predominant (1.294 cases - 65.5 percent). Heart trauma was identified in 359 cases (18.2 percent), out of 296 in Group I and 63 in Group II. In Group I, 73.6 percent of the victims died at the scene and only 18 patients (6 percent) were admitted at hospital and submitted to thoracotomy. In Group II, surgical care was offered for two out of 14 patients (3.2 percent of blunt trauma) who were admitted with vital signs. The most affected heart chamber in Group I was the left ventricle (isolated injury in 24.6 percent) and in Group II the was the right ventricle (25 percent). CONCLUSION: We conclude that heart injuries are eminently fatal and only 5.6 percent of this victims who died received effective medical care.