RESUMEN
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the protective effect of short-pulsed CO2 9.3 µm laser irradiation against erosion in human enamel without and combined with TiF4 and AmF/NaF/SnCl2 applications, respectively, as well as compared to the protective effect of these fluoride treatments alone. After polishing, ninety enamel samples (3 × 3mm) were used for 9 different treatment groups: 4% TiF4 gel (pH 1.5, 24,533 ppm F-); AmF/NaF/SnCl2 rinse (pH 4.5; 500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2); CO2 laser (average power 0.58 W); CO2 laser (0.58 W) + TiF4; CO2 laser (0.58 W) + AmF/NaF/SnCl2; CO2 laser (0.69 W); CO2 laser (0.69 W) + TiF4; CO2 laser (0.69 W) + AmF/NaF/SnCl2; negative control (deionized water). TiF4 gel was brushed on only once before the first erosive cycling, while samples treated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 were daily immersed in 5 ml of the solution before cycling. Laser treatment occurred with a CO2 laser (wavelength 9.3 µm, pulse repetition rate 100 Hz, pulse duration 14.6 µs/18 µs, average power 0.58 W/0.69 W, fluence 1.9 J/cm2/2.2 J/cm2, beam diameter 0.63 mm, irradiation time 10 s, air cooling). TiF4 was applied only once, while AmF/NaF/SnCl2 was applied once daily before the erosive challenge. Surface loss (in µm) was measured with optical profilometry immediately after treatment, and after 5 and 10 days of erosive cycling (0.5% citric acid, pH 2.3, 6 × 2 min/day). Additionally, scanning electron microscopy investigations were performed. All application measures resulted in loss of surface height immediately after treatment. After 5 days, significantly reduced surface loss was observed after applying laser irradiation (both power settings) followed by applications of TiF4 or AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (p < 0.05; 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test) compared to fluoride application alone. After 10 days, compared to after 5 days, a reduced tissue loss was observed in all groups treated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution. This tissue gain occurred with the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 application alone and was significantly higher when the application was combined with the laser use (p < 0.05). Short-pulsed CO2 9.3 µm laser irradiation followed by additional application of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution significantly reduces the progression of dental enamel erosion in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Esmalte Dental/patología , Esmalte Dental/efectos de la radiación , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Láseres de Gas/uso terapéutico , Erosión de los Dientes/cirugía , Esmalte Dental/ultraestructura , Humanos , Compuestos de Estaño/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
O enriquecimento ambiental é uma ferramenta importante dentro dos sistemas de produção, a fim de promover o bem-estar e favorecer a saúde dos animais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o estresse de suínos na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 32 leitões, alojados em granja experimental, distribuídos em quatro grupos (n= 8): corda, corrente, garrafa PET e controle negativo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início e no final do experimento para contagem de leucócitos circulantes e determinação de antioxidantes não enzimáticos, óxido nítrico, malondialdeído, e de saliva para avaliação do cortisol. Foi aplicado etograma e fez-a ganho médio de peso diário e a conversão alimentar. Os parâmetros avaliados no primeiro dia do experimento não variaram entre os grupos (P>0,05). No último dia do experimento, os valores de neutrófilos e da relação neutrófilo/linfócito foram mais elevados nos leitões do grupo corrente, assim como os valores de cortisol salivar (P<0,05). O ácido úrico apresentou-se mais elevado nos leitões do grupo corrente e o malondialdeído (MDA) nos do grupo garrafa (P< 0,05). Os enriquecimentos ambientais estimularam comportamentos positivos nos leitões, tendo a corda se destacado como o mais atrativo. Por outro lado, a corrente apresentou efeito negativo sobre a fisiologia dos animais, gerando estresse, assim como a garrafa, que induziu a peroxidação lipídica e um menor ganho de peso nos leitões.(AU)
Environmental enrichment is an important tool within production systems to promote welfare and animal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of enrichment objects on stress of piglets in nursery phase. 32 piglets housed in experimental farm were distributed in 4 groups (n= 8): rope, chain, pet bottle and negative control. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment to count circulating leukocytes and determine non-enzymatic antioxidants, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and saliva to evaluate cortisol. At the same time, an etogram and evaluation of mean daily gain and feed conversion were applied. The evaluated parameters on first day of the experiment did not vary between groups (P> 0.05). On the last day, neutrophil and neutrophil /lymphocyte ratios were higher in chain group piglets, as were salivary cortisol values (P< 0.05). Uric acid was higher in chain group and MDA in bottle group (P< 0.05). Environmental enrichment stimulated positive behaviors in piglets, where the rope stood out as the most attractive. On the other hand, chain had a negative effect on animal physiology, generating stress, as well as the bottle that induced lipid peroxidation and a lower weight gain in piglets.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/anomalías , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estrés Fisiológico , Conducta AnimalRESUMEN
O enriquecimento ambiental é uma ferramenta importante dentro dos sistemas de produção, a fim de promover o bem-estar e favorecer a saúde dos animais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o estresse de suínos na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 32 leitões, alojados em granja experimental, distribuídos em quatro grupos (n= 8): corda, corrente, garrafa PET e controle negativo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início e no final do experimento para contagem de leucócitos circulantes e determinação de antioxidantes não enzimáticos, óxido nítrico, malondialdeído, e de saliva para avaliação do cortisol. Foi aplicado etograma e fez-a ganho médio de peso diário e a conversão alimentar. Os parâmetros avaliados no primeiro dia do experimento não variaram entre os grupos (P>0,05). No último dia do experimento, os valores de neutrófilos e da relação neutrófilo/linfócito foram mais elevados nos leitões do grupo corrente, assim como os valores de cortisol salivar (P<0,05). O ácido úrico apresentou-se mais elevado nos leitões do grupo corrente e o malondialdeído (MDA) nos do grupo garrafa (P< 0,05). Os enriquecimentos ambientais estimularam comportamentos positivos nos leitões, tendo a corda se destacado como o mais atrativo. Por outro lado, a corrente apresentou efeito negativo sobre a fisiologia dos animais, gerando estresse, assim como a garrafa, que induziu a peroxidação lipídica e um menor ganho de peso nos leitões.(AU)
Environmental enrichment is an important tool within production systems to promote welfare and animal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of enrichment objects on stress of piglets in nursery phase. 32 piglets housed in experimental farm were distributed in 4 groups (n= 8): rope, chain, pet bottle and negative control. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment to count circulating leukocytes and determine non-enzymatic antioxidants, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and saliva to evaluate cortisol. At the same time, an etogram and evaluation of mean daily gain and feed conversion were applied. The evaluated parameters on first day of the experiment did not vary between groups (P> 0.05). On the last day, neutrophil and neutrophil /lymphocyte ratios were higher in chain group piglets, as were salivary cortisol values (P< 0.05). Uric acid was higher in chain group and MDA in bottle group (P< 0.05). Environmental enrichment stimulated positive behaviors in piglets, where the rope stood out as the most attractive. On the other hand, chain had a negative effect on animal physiology, generating stress, as well as the bottle that induced lipid peroxidation and a lower weight gain in piglets.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/anomalías , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estrés Fisiológico , Conducta AnimalRESUMEN
Although several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution in inhibiting dental erosion progression, measures for further improvement in its effectiveness are paramount. Thus, this in situ study evaluated whether the protective effect promoted by the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution would be enhanced by increasing its frequency of use. The study was conducted with 12 volunteers, a 4-phase (5 days each) randomized, crossover model. Extraoral erosive challenges (0.5% citric acid, pH 2.6, 6 × 2 min/day) and rinsing protocol (1 or 2 × 2 min/day) were performed. Before the in situ phase, human enamel samples were subjected to an in vitro surface softening (1% citric acid, pH 4.0, for 3 min). Four treatment protocols were tested using samples in replicas (n = 12): group G1 - deionized water (negative control); G2 - NaF solution (positive control, 500 ppm F-, pH 4.5); G3 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH 4.5) once a day; G4 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution twice a day. Tissue loss and morphological changes were determined by optical profilometry (n = 12) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 3) analysis, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA with subsequent pairwise comparison of treatments. Tissue loss means (±SD in µm) for each treatment protocol and statistical differences were found as follows: G1 4.55 ± 2.75, G2 4.59 ± 2.13, G3 2.64 ± 1.55, and G4 1.34 ± 1.16. Although there was no difference between the 2 AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution application regimens (once or twice a day), application of the product twice a day was the only treatment that was able to control erosion progression, differing from the control groups.
Asunto(s)
Fluoruros Tópicos/administración & dosificación , Antisépticos Bucales/administración & dosificación , Fluoruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Compuestos de Estaño/administración & dosificación , Erosión de los Dientes/prevención & control , Adulto , Estudios Cruzados , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Five-year survival rates for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are 30% and the mortality rate is 50%. Immunohistochemistry panels are used to evaluate proliferation, vascularization, apoptosis, HPV infection, and keratin expression, which are important markers of malignant progression. Keratins are a family of intermediate filaments predominantly expressed in epithelial cells and have an essential role in mechanical support and cytoskeleton formation, which is essential for the structural integrity and stability of the cell. In this study, we analyzed the expressions of keratins 17 and 19 (K17 and K19) by immunohistochemistry in tumoral and non-tumoral tissues from patients with OSCC. The results show that expression of these keratins is higher in tumor tissues compared to non-tumor tissues. Positive K17 expression correlates with lymph node metastasis and multivariate analysis confirmed this relationship, revealing a 6-fold increase in lymph node metastasis when K17 is expressed. We observed a correlation between K17 expression with disease-free survival and disease-specific death in patients who received surgery and radiotherapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that low expression of K17 was an independent marker for early disease relapse and disease-specific death in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy, with an approximately 4-fold increased risk when compared to high K17 expression. Our results suggest a potential role for K17 and K19 expression profiles as tumor prognostic markers in OSCC patients.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Queratinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Boca/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/terapia , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , PronósticoRESUMEN
Death-associated protein 1 (DAP1) is a member of the DAP family. Its expression is associated with cell growth and normal death of the neoplastic cells, regulated by the mammalian target of the rapamycin protein. Activated DAP1 negatively regulates autophagy, which has been associated with the development and progression of several diseases, such as cancer, and with prognosis and survival of diverse tumor types. Therefore, in this study we analyzed DAP1 expression in 54 oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor samples and in 20 non-tumoral margins by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that DAP1 is more frequently expressed in tumor tissues compared with marginal non-tumoral cells. Additionally, high DAP1 expression is associated with a 4-fold increase in the risk of lymph node metastases. Our results suggest that the DAP1 protein can be used as a potential marker of lymph node metastases predisposition, helping define the best therapy for each patient to minimize risk of developing metastases.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Autofagia/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/mortalidad , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Boca/metabolismo , Boca/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Boca/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Pronóstico , Riesgo , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Currently, the most important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the presence of regional lymph node metastases, which correlates with a 50% reduction in life expectancy. We have previously observed that expression of hypoxia genes in the tumor inflammatory infiltrate is statistically related to prognosis in OSCC. FAS and FASL expression levels in OSCC have previously been related to patient survival. The present study analyzed the relationship between FASL expression in the inflammatory infiltrate lymphoid cells and clinical variables, tumor histology, and prognosis of OSCC. Strong FASL expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P = 0.035) and disease-specific death (P = 0.014), but multivariate analysis did not confirm FASL expression as an independent death risk factor (OR = 2.78, 95%CI = 0.81-9.55). Disease-free and disease-specific survival were significantly correlated with FASL expression (P = 0.016 and P = 0.005, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that strong FASL expression is an independent marker for earlier disease relapse and disease-specific death, with approximately 2.5-fold increased risk compared with weak expression (HR = 2.24, 95%CI = 1.08-4.65 and HR = 2.49, 95%CI = 1.04-5.99, respectively). Our results suggest a potential role for this expression profile as a tumor prognostic marker in OSCC patients.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Proteína Ligando Fas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Boca/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/mortalidad , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/secundario , Femenino , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Metástasis Linfática , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Boca/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Análisis Multivariante , Pronóstico , Modelos de Riesgos ProporcionalesRESUMEN
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) produzir anticorpos policlonais IgY contra a versão recombinante da proteína de invasão celular P21 (P21r) de Trypanosoma cruzi; (ii) purificar os anticorpos IgY totais da gema do ovo de galinhas imunizadas com P21r; (iii) avaliar a qualidade dos procedimentos de purificação. Para a produção dos anticorpos IgY, três galinhas da linhagem HySex (25 semanas de idade), foram imunizadas com 100µg de P21r /250 µl de PBS (pH 7,2) emulsionado em 250 µl de adjuvante completo (primeira imunização) e incompleto (segunda e terceira imunizações) de Freund. Realizaram-se três imunizações, intramusculares, com intervalo de 14 dias. O volume final (500 µl) foi inoculado em quatro locais do músculo peitoral. Os ovos foram colhidos diariamente, durante sete semanas. As gemas foram armazenadas a -20ºC. Para a purificação, a fração solúvel em água (FSA) foi obtida da gema total, por meio de precipitação em água acidificada (pH 5,0-5,2), seguida de salting-out da FSA com sulfato de sódio (19% e 14%). A extração dos anticorpos IgY foi avaliada por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) 12% e pelo teste de dot-blot com anticorpos anti-IgY marcados com peroxidase. A água acidificada produziu um sobrenadante translucido (FSA) e um precipitado denso de cor amarela (P1, precipitado 1). O salting-out da FSA resultou em um precipitado de cor branca (
RESUMEN
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) produzir anticorpos policlonais IgY contra a versão recombinante da proteína de invasão celular P21 (P21r) de Trypanosoma cruzi; (ii) purificar os anticorpos IgY totais da gema do ovo de galinhas imunizadas com P21r; (iii) avaliar a qualidade dos procedimentos de purificação. Para a produção dos anticorpos IgY, três galinhas da linhagem HySex (25 semanas de idade), foram imunizadas com 100µg de P21r /250 µl de PBS (pH 7,2) emulsionado em 250 µl de adjuvante completo (primeira imunização) e incompleto (segunda e terceira imunizações) de Freund. Realizaram-se três imunizações, intramusculares, com intervalo de 14 dias. O volume final (500 µl) foi inoculado em quatro locais do músculo peitoral. Os ovos foram colhidos diariamente, durante sete semanas. As gemas foram armazenadas a -20ºC. Para a purificação, a fração solúvel em água (FSA) foi obtida da gema total, por meio de precipitação em água acidificada (pH 5,0-5,2), seguida de salting-out da FSA com sulfato de sódio (19% e 14%). A extração dos anticorpos IgY foi avaliada por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) 12% e pelo teste de dot-blot com anticorpos anti-IgY marcados com peroxidase. A água acidificada produziu um sobrenadante translucido (FSA) e um precipitado denso de cor amarela (P1, precipitado 1). O salting-out da FSA resultou em um precipitado de cor branca (
RESUMEN
Os objetivos foram: (i) produzir anticorpos policlonais IgY contra o antígeno total de promastigotas (ATPro) de Leishmania amazonensis; (ii) purificar anticorpos da gema do ovo de galinhas imunizadas; (iii) avaliar a qualidade da purificação; e (iv) diagnosticar as alterações macroscópicas pós-imunização. Três galinhas da linhagem HiSex foram imunizadas com 100 µg de ATPro/250 µL de PBS (pH 7,2) emulsionado em 250 µL de adjuvante completo (imunização primária) e incompleto (2º e 3º booster) de Freund, pela via intramuscular e com intervalo de 14 dias. O volume final (500 µL) foi inoculado em quatro locais do músculo peitoral. Os ovos foram colhidos diariamente e as gemas foram armazenadas a -20ºC. A fração solúvel em água (FSA) foi obtida da gema total, por meio de precipitação em água acidificada (pH 5,0-5,2), seguida de salting-out da FSA com sulfato de sódio (19% e 14%). A purificação foi avaliada por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) 12% e pelo teste de dot-blot com anticorpos anti-IgY. O diagnóstico das alterações macroscópicas foi realizado durante a necropsia das aves imunizadas, por inspeção do músculo peitoral. Obteve-se um sobrenadante translúcido (FSA) e um precipitado denso de cor amarela. O salting-out da FSA resultou em um precipitado de cor branca (PY). O SDS-PAGE demonstrou a progressiva remoção de contaminantes, a cada etapa da purificaçã
RESUMEN
A investigação química da espécie Pilocarpus spicatus, popularmente conhecida como jaborandi e usada na medicina tradicional para doenças como estomatite, febre, bronquite e psoríase, teve por objetivo o isolamento e/ou identificação de substâncias ativas e a avaliação da atividade antiparasitária dos extratos frente às formas epimastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi. O estudo resultou na identificação de nove substâncias, tais como: tridecanona, 2-heptadecanona, espatulenol, aromadendreno, β-cariofileno, ácido 3α-hidroxitirucala-7,24-dien-21-óico, (+)-isoangenomalina, episesamina e sesamina. As estr uturas dos compostos foram elucidadas por análises espectroscópicas e comparação com dados da literatura. Os extratos hexânico e metanólico de folhas e raízes foram testados in vitro contra o Trypanosoma cruzi cepa Y e apresentaram atividade tripanomicida.
The chemical investigation of the species Pilocarpus spicatus - popularly known as jaborandi and used in traditional medicine for diseases, such as stomatitis, fever, bronchitis and psoriasis - aimed to isolate and / or identify the active substances and evaluate the antiparasitic activity of the extracts against the Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote forms. The study resulted in the identification of nine substances, such as tridecanone, 2-heptadecanone, spathulenol, aromadendrene, β-caryophyllene, 3α-hydroxytirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid, (+)-isoangenomaline, episesamin and sesamin. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. The hexane and methanol extracts from leaves and roots were tested in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain and showed trypanocidal activity.
Asunto(s)
Trypanosoma cruzi/aislamiento & purificación , Jaborandi/farmacología , Pilocarpus/química , Extractos Vegetales/síntesis química , Rutaceae/clasificación , Antiparasitarios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Marginal lakes are characterised by their having high biological diversity due to the presence of aquatic macrophytes in their coastal zones, providing habitats for refuge and food for animal community members. Among the fauna components associated with macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates are important because they are an energy source for predators and fish. In six lakes and two different seasons (March and August 2009), the ecological attributes of aquatic macroinvertebrate community associated with Eichhornia azurea were compared and the controlling environmental factors were identified. Since the attributes of macroinvertebrate community are strictly associated with abiotic variables of each distinct habitat, our hypothesis was that each site associated with the same floating aquatic macrophyte (E. azurea) should have a typical composition and density of organisms. We identified 50 taxa of macroinvertebrates, with greater taxa richness for aquatic insects (37 taxa) divided into eight orders; the order Diptera being the most abundant in the two study periods. On the other hand, higher values of total taxa richness were recorded in August. Dissolved oxygen and pH presented the greatest number of significant positive correlations with the different taxa. The animals most frequently collected in the six lakes in March and August 2009 were Hirudinea, Oligochaeta, Hydrachnidae, Conchostraca, Ostracoda, Noteridae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Caenidae, Pleidae, Aeshnidae, Libellulidae, Coenagrionidae and Nematoda. Only densities of Trichoptera, Ostracoda and Conchostraca presented the highest significant differences between lakes in both study periods and considering the composition of macroinvertebrates no significant differences were registered for macroinvertebrate composition.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Ecosistema , Eichhornia , Invertebrados/clasificación , Animales , Organismos Acuáticos/clasificación , Brasil , Agua Dulce , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Marginal lakes are characterised by their having high biological diversity due to the presence of aquatic macrophytes in their coastal zones, providing habitats for refuge and food for animal community members. Among the fauna components associated with macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates are important because they are an energy source for predators and fish. In six lakes and two different seasons (March and August 2009), the ecological attributes of aquatic macroinvertebrate community associated with Eichhornia azurea were compared and the controlling environmental factors were identified. Since the attributes of macroinvertebrate community are strictly associated with abiotic variables of each distinct habitat, our hypothesis was that each site associated with the same floating aquatic macrophyte (E. azurea) should have a typical composition and density of organisms. We identified 50 taxa of macroinvertebrates, with greater taxa richness for aquatic insects (37 taxa) divided into eight orders; the order Diptera being the most abundant in the two study periods. On the other hand, higher values of total taxa richness were recorded in August. Dissolved oxygen and pH presented the greatest number of significant positive correlations with the different taxa. The animals most frequently collected in the six lakes in March and August 2009 were Hirudinea, Oligochaeta, Hydrachnidae, Conchostraca, Ostracoda, Noteridae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Caenidae, Pleidae, Aeshnidae, Libellulidae, Coenagrionidae and Nematoda. Only densities of Trichoptera, Ostracoda and Conchostraca presented the highest significant differences between lakes in both study periods and considering the composition of macroinvertebrates no significant differences were registered for macroinvertebrate composition.(AU)
Lagoas marginais são caracterizadas por apresentar elevada diversidade biológica, devido à presença de macrófitas aquáticas nas suas zonas litorâneas, constituindo habitats de refúgio e alimento para comunidades associadas. Entre os seus integrantes, destacam-se os macroinvertebrados aquáticos, fonte de energia para predadores e ictiofauna. Em seis lagoas e em duas épocas distintas (março e agosto de 2009), os atributos ecológicos da comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos associados à Eichhornia azurea foram comparados, identificando-se os fatores ambientais controladores. Uma vez que os atributos da comunidade de macroinvertebrados estão estritamente associados às variáveis abióticas de cada habitat distinto, nossa hipótese era de que cada local com a presença da mesma macrófita aquática flutuante (E. azurea) deveria ter uma típica composição e densidade de organismos. Foram identificados 50 taxa de macroinvertebrados, com maior riqueza registrada para os insetos aquáticos (37 taxa), distribuídos em oito ordens; sendo a ordem Diptera a mais abundante nos dois períodos de estudo. Por outro lado, maiores valores de riqueza total de taxa foram registrados em agosto. Oxigênio dissolvido e pH apresentaram o maior número de correlações significativas positivas com os diferentes taxa. Os animais mais frequentes, coletados nas seis lagoas estudadas em março e agosto de 2009, foram Hirudinea, Oligochaeta, Hydrachnidiae, Conchostraca, Ostracoda, Noteridae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Caenidae, Pleidae, Aeshnidae, Libellulidae, Coenagrionidae e Nematoda. Apenas as densidades de Trichoptera, Ostracoda e Conchostraca apresentaram maior diferença significativa entre lagoas, em ambos os períodos de estudo. Considerando-se a composição de macroinvertebrados, diferenças significativas não foram registradas.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Organismos Acuáticos/clasificación , Estanques/clasificación , Eichhornia , Biota , Macrófitas , Factores Bióticos , Factores AbióticosRESUMEN
Little is known about the actin cytoskeleton architecture in female Strongyloides venezuelensis and thus to investigate the distribution and concentration of actin, female worms were labelled with phalloidin-rhodamine and visualized under confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrate that filamentous actin accumulates in the vulva and the concentration of F-actin at this site suggests its important role, especially during oviposition, in the life cycle of S. venezuelensis.
Asunto(s)
Actinas/análisis , Strongyloides/química , Animales , Femenino , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Oviposición , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Strongyloides/fisiología , Vulva/químicaRESUMEN
Pharmaceutical adulterants are commonly found in herbal weight loss products, and analytical techniques for detecting these adulterants have become increasingly important to the public health community. Previously we reported a novel analytical method for the determination of adulterants in herbal formulations by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. The current study refines this previously described technique by testing if anxiolytics, diuretics, and laxatives interfered with the detection of anorectics and antidepressants. A survey of herbal weight loss products sold by compounding pharmacies in Brazil were analysed to determine the presence of pharmaceutical adulterants. A total of 106 herbal products, collected from 73 pharmacies in nine Brazilian states, were analysed for amfepramone, sibutramine, fenproporex, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline and bupropion using the new analytical method. The method permitted the rapid and selective screening for the seven adulterants. Of the 106 weight loss products sampled, four (3.8%) were found to be adulterated by fenproporex or sibutramine. The adulterated samples were compounded by four different pharmacies located in three different Brazilian states. The novel capillary electrophoresis method we developed may be a useful tool for public health organisations tasked with analysing herbal weight loss products.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Antiobesidad/química , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos , Inspección de Alimentos/métodos , Preparaciones de Plantas/química , Anfetaminas/análisis , Ansiolíticos/análisis , Fármacos Antiobesidad/efectos adversos , Antidepresivos/análisis , Depresores del Apetito/análisis , Brasil , Ciclobutanos/análisis , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Diuréticos/análisis , Conductividad Eléctrica , Electroforesis Capilar , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Laxativos/análisis , Preparaciones de Plantas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
This paper presents the results of an experiment on salad crop irrigation with waste stabilisation pond effluents, conducted in Southeast Brazil. Over about 18 months several trials were carried out using different effluent qualities to irrigate lettuce, kale, arugula, spinach, and green pepper. Equations for predicting the bacterial quality of irrigated crops (E.coli per gram) based on the irrigation water quality (E.coli per 100 mL) were derived for low and high growing crops. The quantitative microbial risk analysis (QMRA) technique, using pathogen-ingestion scenarios based on these field data and on official statistics of vegetables consumption in Brazil, was used to estimate infection risks arising from the consumption of wastewater irrigated crops. It is inferred that irrigation with effluents complying with the WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation should result in salad crops acceptable for consumption.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Guías como Asunto/normas , Verduras/normas , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/normas , Brasil , Abastecimiento de Agua/normas , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
Short stature, a marker for undernutrition early in life, has been associated with obesity in Brazilian women, but not in men. We tested the hypothesis that weight gain during the reproductive years could explain this gender difference. A national two-stage household survey of mothers with one or more children under five years of age was conducted in Brazil in 1996. The subjects were women aged 20 to 45 years (N = 2297), with last delivery seven months or more prior to the interview. The regions of the country were divided into rural, North/Northeast (urban underdeveloped) and South/Southeast/Midwest (urban developed). The dependent variables were current body mass index (BMI) measured, BMI prior to childbearing (reported), and BMI change. Socioeconomic variables included mother's years of education and family purchasing power score. A secondary analysis was restricted to primiparous women. The prevalence of current overweight and overweight prior to childbearing (BMI > or = 25 kg/m²) was higher among shorter women (<1.50 m) compared to normal stature women only in the urban developed region (P < 0.05). After adjustment for socioeconomic variables, age, parity, BMI prior to childbearing, and age at first birth, current BMI was 2.39 units higher (P = 0.008) for short stature women living in the urban developed area compared with short stature women living in the urban underdeveloped area. For both multiparous and primiparous women, BMI gain compared to the value prior to childbearing was significantly higher among short stature women living in the urban developed region (P <= 0.04). These results provide clear evidence that short stature was associated with a higher BMI and with an increased risk of weight gain/retention with pregnancy in the developed areas of Brazil, but not in the underdeveloped ones
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Obesidad , Aumento de Peso , Antropometría , Brasil , Planificación de Ciudades , Escolaridad , Obesidad , Paridad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Short stature, a marker for undernutrition early in life, has been associated with obesity in Brazilian women, but not in men. We tested the hypothesis that weight gain during the reproductive years could explain this gender difference. A national two-stage household survey of mothers with one or more children under five years of age was conducted in Brazil in 1996. The subjects were women aged 20 to 45 years (N = 2297), with last delivery seven months or more prior to the interview. The regions of the country were divided into rural, North/Northeast (urban underdeveloped) and South/Southeast/Midwest (urban developed). The dependent variables were current body mass index (BMI) measured, BMI prior to childbearing (reported), and BMI change. Socioeconomic variables included mother's years of education and family purchasing power score. A secondary analysis was restricted to primiparous women. The prevalence of current overweight and overweight prior to childbearing (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) was higher among shorter women (<1.50 m) compared to normal stature women only in the urban developed region (P < 0.05). After adjustment for socioeconomic variables, age, parity, BMI prior to childbearing, and age at first birth, current BMI was 2.39 units higher (P = 0.008) for short stature women living in the urban developed area compared with short stature women living in the urban underdeveloped area. For both multiparous and primiparous women, BMI gain compared to the value prior to childbearing was significantly higher among short stature women living in the urban developed region (P <= 0.04). These results provide clear evidence that short stature was associated with a higher BMI and with an increased risk of weight gain/retention with pregnancy in the developed areas of Brazil, but not in the underdeveloped ones.
Asunto(s)
Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Obesidad/epidemiología , Aumento de Peso , Adulto , Antropometría , Brasil/epidemiología , Escolaridad , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/etiología , Paridad , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are one of the most important causes of morbidity in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The aim of this study was to identify risk factors (RFs) for NIs among critically ill newborn patients in a Brazilian NICU. METHODS: This 5-year prospective cohort study in an 8-bed NICU included all infants born in the hospital and admitted to the NICU from 1993 to 1997. Exposure variables were maternal and newborn data prospectively collected from patient records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine independent RFs associated with NIs. RESULTS: Univariate analysis indicated gestational age, congenital abnormality, premature rupture of membranes, maternal illness, birth weight, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, total parenteral nutrition, peripheral venous catheter, and length of stay as possible RFs. Multivariate analysis identified 5 independent RFs for NIs: premature rupture of membranes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.51 [95% CI, 1.15-1.99]), maternal disease (HR = 1.57 [95% CI, 1.18-2.07]), mechanical ventilation (HR = 2.43 [95% CI, 1.67-3.53]), central venous catheter (HR = 1.70 [95% CI, 1.21-2.41]), and total parenteral nutrition (HR = 4.04 [95% CI, 2.61-6.25]). CONCLUSION: The recognition of RFs for NIs is an important tool for the identification and development of interventions to minimize such risks in the NICU.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Crítica , Infección Hospitalaria/etiología , Enfermedades del Recién Nacido , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Análisis de Varianza , Peso al Nacer , Brasil/epidemiología , Catéteres de Permanencia/efectos adversos , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Hospitales Generales , Humanos , Incidencia , Recién Nacido , Enfermedades del Recién Nacido/terapia , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Control de Infecciones/normas , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Nutrición Parenteral Total/efectos adversos , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Prospectivos , Respiración Artificial/efectos adversos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
This exploratory-descriptive study aims at elaborating a protocol, using therapeutic play, for the preparation of preschool children to venous puncture and also at testing its efficiency and applicability. The children that attended the play session were more cooperative when they were punctured. They understood the need and technical aspects of this clinical procedure; manifested their feelings, elaborated familiar and hospital situations that resulted in a better relationship with the other children and the nursing team. Authors concluded that this protocol is feasible and useful and suggested that it should be incorporated in the nursing care plan to hospitalized children.