RESUMEN
Cephalexin (CPX) and doxycycline (DOX) are two of the most used antibiotics to treat bacterial infections in human medicine, veterinary practices, animal husbandry, agriculture, aquaculture, among others. Nevertheless, due to their excessive consumption and incomplete absorption during their metabolization, they have been detected in different environmental matrices and the effluents of wastewater treatment plants, which reflects that conventional water treatment methods are not enough to eliminate this type of compounds. This paper presents the main results about the removal of the antibiotics CPX and DOX under low frequency (40 kHz) ultrasonic radiation (US). The effects of operational parameters such as the solution initial pH and the applied US power were assessed considering the response surface methodology and a face centered, central composite experimental design. The results indicated that evaluated operational factors significantly affect the pollutants elimination and that US technology is able to remove them completely. In addition, in terms of mineralization, experimental results showed a reduction of the organic carbon present in the solutions and a significant increase of ions (nitrates and sulfates) concentration, suggesting that part of the organic matter was transformed into CO2, H2O and inorganic species. Finally, results regarding the samples toxicity indicated that ultrasonic treatment could promote a significant reduction in this parameter, and the potential negative effect associated to CPX and DOX presence in water bodies.
Asunto(s)
Ultrasonido , Antibacterianos , Cefalexina/análisis , Doxiciclina , Humanos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Purificación del AguaRESUMEN
Cephalexin (CPX) is a ß-lactam antibiotic widely used to treat bacterial infections in the respiratory tract, skin, bones, and ear; a situation that has contributed to its discharge into wastewater (mainly through excretion after ingestion) and its accumulation in water bodies. CPX presence on environmental compartments could interfere in the physiological functions of animals and humans due to the induction of mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Different technologies have been evaluated to remove CPX from aqueous matrices. In this way, this work presents the main data regarding the use of the combination of hydrogen peroxide and simulated sunlight radiation in CPX removal. Effects of H2O2 initial concentration and solution pH were evaluated using a face-centered, central composite design and the response surface methodology. Optimized conditions, under the evaluated experimental range, were established. In addition, data about the total organic carbon and anions content in treated samples were collected. These data can be useful for the evaluation of the use of H2O2 and light radiation on organic pollutants removal, the comparison of the effectiveness of different technologies on CPX elimination, and as a starting point to carry out this type of process at pilot or real scale.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter valdiviensis is a recently described enterohepatic species isolated from wild bird's fecal samples. Currently, its pathogenic potential and clinical significance are unknown mainly due to the lack of whole-genome sequences to compare with other helicobacters and the absence of specific screenings to determine its prevalence in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The species type strain (WBE14T ) was whole-genome-sequenced, and comparative analyses were carried out including the genomes from other Helicobacter species to determine the exact phylogenetic position of H. valdiviensis and to study the presence and evolution of virulence determinants. In parallel, stools from diarrheic patients and healthy individuals were screened by PCR to assess the clinical incidence of H. valdiviensis. RESULTS: Helicobacter valdiviensis belongs to a monophyletic clade conformed by H. canadensis, H. pullorum, H. winghamensis, H. rodentium, and H. apodemus. Its predicted genome size is 2 176 246 bp., with 30% of G+C content and 2064 annotated protein-coding genes. The patterns of virulence factors in H. valdiviensis were similar to other enterohepatic species, but evidence of horizontal gene transfer from Campylobacter species was detected for key genes like those coding for the CDT subunits. Positive PCR results confirmed the presence of H. valdiviensis in 2 of 254 (0.78%) stools of patients with acute diarrhea while not a single sample was positive in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Horizontal gene transfer has contributed to shape the gene repertory of H. valdiviensis, which codes for virulence factors conserved in other pathogens that are well-known human pathogens. Additionally, the detection of H. valdiviensisDNA in diarrheic patients supports its role as a potential emergent intestinal pathogen. Further, sampling efforts are needed to uncover the clinical relevance of this species, which should be accomplished by the isolation of H. valdiviensis from ill humans and the obtention of whole genomes from clinical isolates.
Asunto(s)
Heces/microbiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/patología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/patología , Helicobacter/clasificación , Helicobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Composición de Base , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , Biología Computacional , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Helicobacter/genética , Helicobacter/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Secuenciación Completa del GenomaRESUMEN
Antecedentes: Colecistectomía Laparoscópica Ambulatoria (CLA) es el procedimiento donde el tiempo entre ingreso y egreso del paciente es <12 horas. En el Hospital de Especialidades (HE) del Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social (IHSS), Tegucigalpa, se implementó desde 2007. Objetivo: Determinar las características de CLA y de Colecistectomía Laparoscópica Hospitalaria (CLH), IHSS, 2012-2013. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes atendidos en Unidad de Cirugía Ambulatoria y HE IHSS, enero 2012Enero 2013. Se identificaron características sociodemográficas y clínicas a partir de expedientes seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se estimó costo-beneficio en base a costo/intervención quirúrgica y días de hospitalización e incapacidad. Resultados se presentan como frecuencia y porcentaje, razones de disparidad (OR), intervalo de confianza 95% y valor de p<0.05. Resultados: Se analizaron 100 pacientes en cada grupo. Se asociaron a CLA edad ≤50 (3.8, 2.1Asunto(s)
Humanos
, Masculino
, Femenino
, Persona de Mediana Edad
, Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Ambulatorios/métodos
, Colecistectomía Laparoscópica/tendencias
, Colecistitis/diagnóstico
, Costos de la Atención en Salud
, Administración de los Servicios de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia
RESUMEN
The contamination of electrical insulators is one of the major contributors to the risk of operation outages in electrical substations, especially in coastal zones with high salinity levels and atmospheric pollution. By using the measurement of leakage-currents, which is one of the main indicators of contamination in insulators, this work seeks to the determine the correlation with climatic variables, such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, solar irradiance, atmospheric pressure and wind speed and direction. The results obtained provide an input to the behaviour of the leakage current under atmospheric conditions that are particular to the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and principal component analysis are utilised to determine the significant relationships among the different variables under consideration. The necessary information for the study was obtained via historical databases of both atmospheric variables and the leakage current measured in over a period of 1 year in a 220-kV potential transformer insulator. We identified the influencing factors of temperature, humidity, radiation, wind speed and direction on the magnitude of the leakage current as the most relevant.
Asunto(s)
Cerámica/química , Presión Atmosférica , Región del Caribe , Colombia , Impedancia Eléctrica , Humedad , Estaciones del Año , Energía Solar , Temperatura , VientoRESUMEN
El pinzamiento femoroacetabular (PFA) es una entidad que puede ser la causa de muchas de las osteoartritis idiopáticas. El PFA se presenta en la cadera con disminución en la distancia entre el fémur y el acetábulo, ya sea debido a una anormalidad en la orientación y/o profundidad del acetábulo y/o a una forma anormal de la unión de la cabeza femoral al cuello femoral. El choque anormal de la cabeza del fémur y de la unión de ésta al acetábulo puede llevar al daño del cartílago y a osteoartritis. La luxación quirúrgica de la cadera es el patrón de oro para tratar este tipo de patología. Ésta permite una visión total de la cadera para su tratamiento pero tiene la desventaja de requerir una osteotomía trocantérica y una recuperación más prolongada que la artroscopia de cadera, que también ha sido utilizada en el tratamiento del PFA. La desventaja de la artroscopia de la cadera es que requiere una curva de aprendizaje larga con tiempos quirúrgicos prolongados y que para la mayoría de los cirujanos no permite el tratamiento completo de esta patología. Hasta el momento, los primeros resultados de la cirugía para el pinzamiento, ya sea artroscópica o luxando la cadera, muestran mejoría en el dolor y la función de la misma.