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Introduction: Anemia is a highly prevalent disorder. Preoperative anemia is associated with higher mortality, more complications, longer hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Red blood cell transfusion (RBC) does not improve these outcomes. The World Health Organization recommends implementing Patient Blood Management (PBM) programmes, as they can improve these clinical outcomes, reduce unnecessary RBC transfusions, and save costs. Despite compelling evidence, the implementation of these measures has yet to be effectively achieved. The objective of this study is to conduct a situational analysis to raise awareness about this issue and encourage the implementation of these measures. Methodology: An observational, longitudinal, retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single center. All patients undergoing elective surgery from 01/01/2022 to 01/04/2022 at the Hospital de Clínicas were included. Exclusion criteria: absence of a complete blood count in the three months prior to surgery and refusal to participate in the study. Results: A total of 329 surgeries were analyzed. 52 out of 100 procedures were performed on patients with anemia. A statistically significant association was found between preoperative anemia and receiving RBC transfusion during hospitalization. OR 11.746 (4.518 - 30.540). Anemia and RBC transfusions significantly prolonged hospital stay. Length of hospitalization based on patient condition: No anemia: 10.1 ± 1.1 days, with anemia: 27.2 ± 2.3 days. Value of p < 0.001. Non-transfused: 14.5 ± 1.3 days, transfused: 41.8 ± 4.4 days. Value of p < 0.001. Only 49 (28.6%) of the 171 patients with anemia had iron metabolism assessed before surgery. Among the 140 patients with Hb < 12 g/dL undergoing surgeries with non-insignificant bleeding, only 4 received specific treatment to optimize Hb. A total of 185 units of red blood cells (RBC) were administered during hospitalization. 49 to unstable patients (intraoperative or acute hemorrhage) and 136 to stable patients. From the analysis of the latter group, 42.5% of the patients received 3 or more RBC units. The average pre-transfusion hemoglobin was 7.0 ± 0.1. A statistically significant association was found between receiving RBC units and dying during hospitalization. OR 17.182 (3.360 - 87.872). Conclusiones: A situational analysis was conducted, revealing a high prevalence of preoperative anemia, scarce study and treatment of anemia before surgeries, and an excessive amount of blood transfusions received by some patients. This work establishes the need to implement Patient Blood Management programs to reduce the prevalence of preoperative anemia and improve our transfusion practices. It also sets a comparative framework to evaluate the progress of these measures and indicates possible indicators to assess the benefits of their implementation.
Introdução : A anemia é um distúrbio altamente prevalente. A anemia pré-operatória está associada a maior mortalidade, mais complicações, tempo prolongado de internação e maiores custos de saúde. A transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos (TGV) não melhora esses resultados. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda a implementação de medidas de Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente (GSP), pois permitem melhorar esses resultados clínicos, reduzir TGV desnecessárias e economizar custos. Apesar da evidência contundente, a implementação dessas medidas ainda está aquém de ser efetivada. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise da situação para conscientizar sobre o problema e incentivar a implementação dessas medidas. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo de coorte histórica, unicêntrico. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de coordenação de 01/01/2022 a 01/04/2022 no Hospital de Clínicas. Critérios de exclusão: ausência de hemograma nos três meses anteriores à cirurgia e recusa em participar do estudo. Resultados: Foram analisadas um total de 329 cirurgias. 52 a cada 100 procedimentos foram realizados em pacientes com anemia. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a anemia pré-operatória e a recepção de TGR durante a internação. OR 11,746 (4,518 - 30,540). A anemia e as TGR prolongaram significativamente a internação hospitalar. Dias de internação em função da condição do paciente: Sem anemia: 10,1 ± 1,1 dias, com anemia: 27,2 ± 2,3 dias. Valor p < 0,001. Não transfundidos: 14,5 ± 1,3 dias, transfundidos: 41,8 ± 4,4 dias. Valor p < 0,001. Apenas 49 (28,6%) dos 171 pacientes com anemia tinham metabolismo do ferro antes da cirurgia. Dos 140 pacientes com Hb < 12 mg/dL submetidos a cirurgias com sangramento não insignificante, 4 receberam tratamento específico para otimizar a Hb. Foram administradas um total de 185 unidades de glóbulos vermelhos (UGV) durante a internação. 49 em pacientes instáveis (intraoperatório ou hemorragia aguda) e 136 em pacientes estáveis. Da análise desses últimos, 42,5% dos pacientes receberam 3 ou mais UGV. A hemoglobina pré-transfusional média foi de 7,0 ± 0,1. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre receber UGV e falecer durante a internação. OR 17,182 (3,360 - 87,872). Conclusões: Foi realizado uma análise da situação na qual foi observada uma elevada prevalência de anemia pré-operatória, um estudo e tratamento escasso da anemia antes das cirurgias e uma quantidade excessiva de UGV recebidas por alguns pacientes. Este trabalho estabelece a necessidade de implementar programas de Gerenciamento de Sangue do Paciente para reduzir a prevalência de anemia pré-operatória e melhorar nossas práticas transfusionais. Além disso, estabelece um quadro comparativo para avaliar o progresso dessas medidas e aponta possíveis indicadores para avaliar os benefícios de sua implementação.
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Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a powerful tool for studying biodiversity in forests and tree canopies. However, collecting representative eDNA samples from these high and complex environments remains challenging. Traditional methods, such as surface swabbing or tree rolling, are labor-intensive and require significant effort to achieve adequate coverage. This study proposes a novel approach for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to collect eDNA within tree canopies by using a surface swabbing technique. The method involves lowering a probe from a hovering UAV into the canopy and collecting eDNA as it descends and ascends through branches and leaves. To achieve this, a custom-designed robotic system was developed featuring a winch and a probe for eDNA collection. The design of the probe was optimized, and a control logic for the winch was developed to reduce the risk of entanglement while ensuring sufficient interaction force to facilitate transfer of eDNA onto the probe. The effectiveness of this method was demonstrated during the XPRIZE Rainforest Semi-Finals as 10 eDNA samples were collected from the rainforest canopy, and a total of 152 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were identified using eDNA metabarcoding. We further investigate how the number of probe interactions with vegetation, the penetration depth, and the sampling duration influence the DNA concentration and community composition of the samples.
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ADN Ambiental , Árboles , Biodiversidad , Dispositivos Aéreos No TripuladosRESUMEN
Host shifts to new plant species can drive speciation for plant-feeding insects, but how commonly do host shifts also drive diversification for the parasites of those same insects? Oak gall wasps induce galls on oak trees and shifts to novel tree hosts and new tree organs have been implicated as drivers of oak gall wasp speciation. Gall wasps are themselves attacked by many insect parasites, which must find their hosts on the correct tree species and organ, but also must navigate the morphologically variable galls with which they interact. Thus, we ask whether host shifts to new trees, organs, or gall morphologies correlate with gall parasite diversification. We delimit species and infer phylogenies for two genera of gall kleptoparasites, Synergus and Ceroptres, reared from a variety of North American oak galls. We find that most species were reared from galls induced by just one gall wasp species, and no parasite species was reared from galls of more than four species. Most kleptoparasite divergence events correlate with shifts to non-ancestral galls. These shifts often involved changes in tree habitat, gall location, and gall morphology. Host shifts are thus implicated in driving diversification for both oak gall wasps and their kleptoparasitic associates.
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Quercus , Avispas , Animales , Avispas/genética , Árboles , Filogenia , EcosistemaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Measuring disability as a concept of impaired global function enables beneficiaries of treatment, the impact of treatment, and targets of health system investment to be rigorously assessed. Measures of disability are not well established for cleft lip and palate. This study aims to systematically review disability weight (DW) studies pertaining to orofacial clefts (OFCs) and identify methodological strengths and shortcomings of each approach. DESIGN: Systematic literature review of studies that met the following criteria: (1) peer-reviewed publication, (2) focus on disability valuation, (3) mention orofacial clefts, and (4) publication January 2001-December 2021. SETTING: None. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: None. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Disability weight method of valuation and the value itself. RESULTS: The final search strategy yielded 1,067 studies. Seven manuscripts were ultimately included for data extraction. The disability weights used in our studies, including those newly generated or taken from the Global Burden of Disease Studies (GBD), ranged widely for isolated cleft lip (0.0-0.100) and cleft palate with or without cleft lip (0.0-0.269). The GBD studies limited their consideration of cleft sequelae informing disability weights to impact on appearance and speech-related concerns, while other studies accounted for comorbidities such as pain and social stigma. CONCLUSIONS: Current measures of cleft disability are sparse, inadequately reflect the comprehensive impact of an OFC on function and socialization, and are limited in detail or supporting evidence. Use of a comprehensive health state description in evaluating disability weights offers a realistic means of accurately representing the diverse sequelae of an OFC.
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Compare the maxillary growth of patients with Unilateral Cleft treated with pre-surgical Functional Maxillary Orthopedic (FMO) and that of who underwent a surgical procedure with no previous use of appliances.Prospective study, the patients were divided into 2 groups. G1, was composed of 12 patients who received no pre-surgical intervention and cheilorhinoplasty at 6 months of age and G2, included 12 patients treated using Pre-Surgical Funtional Maxilary Orthopedic; they underwent no surgery during the study. Measurements were taken at three times: before the first month of life, at 6 months and between 9-12 months of age. Cleft distance (anterior, medium and posterior), maxillary width (anterior, medium and posterior) and minor and major segment width were analyzed.Alveolar Cleft decrease was 79.82% in G1 and 52% in G2. Posterior Cleft decrease was 24.1% in G1 and 41.77% in G2. Greater Segment Width increase was 24.53% for the patients in G1, and 37.47% for the patients in G2. As for Inter Canine Width, a decrease of 5.16% in G1 and an increase of 9.19% in G2 were found. Medium Arch Width only increased in a statistically significant manner in G2 9.02%.Surgery allowed for the closure of the alveolar cleft. FMO made it possible to close the anterior and the posterior clefts through the growth of the maxillary segments, increased the transverse growth of the maxilla and could prevent maxillary collapse. Each team must individually evaluate whether to indicate or not the use of preoperative orthopedics.
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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Colombia was first diagnosed in a traveler arriving from Italy on February 26, 2020. However, limited data are available on the origins and number of introductions of COVID-19 into the country. We sequenced the causative agent of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), from 43 clinical samples we collected, along with another 79 genome sequences available from Colombia. We investigated the emergence and importation routes for SARS-CoV-2 into Colombia by using epidemiologic, historical air travel, and phylogenetic observations. Our study provides evidence of multiple introductions, mostly from Europe, and documents >12 lineages. Phylogenetic findings validate the lineage diversity, support multiple importation events, and demonstrate the evolutionary relationship of epidemiologically linked transmission chains. Our results reconstruct the early evolutionary history of SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia and highlight the advantages of genome sequencing to complement COVID-19 outbreak investigations.
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COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/virología , Genoma Viral , Genómica/métodos , Filogenia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Colombia/epidemiología , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the genus Betacoronavirus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus crossed the species barrier and established in the human population taking advantage of the spike protein high affinity for the ACE receptor to infect the lower respiratory tract. The Nucleocapsid (N) and Spike (S) are highly immunogenic structural proteins and most commercial COVID-19 diagnostic assays target these proteins. In an unpredictable epidemic, it is essential to know about their genetic variability. The objective of this study was to describe the substitution frequency of the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in South America. A total of 504 amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 from seven South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, and Colombia), reported as of June 3, and corresponding to samples collected between March and April 2020, were compared through substitution matrices using the Muscle algorithm. Forty-three sequences from 13 Colombian departments were obtained in this study using the Oxford Nanopore and Illumina MiSeq technologies, following the amplicon-based ARTIC network protocol. The substitutions D614G in S and R203K/G204R in N were the most frequent in South America, observed in 83% and 34% of the sequences respectively. Strikingly, genomes with the conserved position D614 were almost completely replaced by genomes with the G614 substitution between March to April 2020. A similar replacement pattern was observed with R203K/G204R although more marked in Chile, Argentina and Brazil, suggesting similar introduction history and/or control strategies of SARS-CoV-2 in these countries. It is necessary to continue with the genomic surveillance of S and N proteins during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic as this information can be useful for developing vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostic tests.
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Sustitución de Aminoácidos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2/clasificación , Proteínas Virales/genética , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside de Coronavirus/genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Filogenia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , América del Sur , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genéticaRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a public health problem unprecedented in the recent history of humanity. Different in-house real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) methods for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and the appearance of genomes with mutations in primer regions have been reported. Hence, whole-genome data from locally-circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains contribute to the knowledge of its global variability and the development and fine tuning of diagnostic protocols. To describe the genetic variability of Colombian SARS-CoV-2 genomes in hybridization regions of oligonucleotides of the main in-house methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection, RNA samples with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis were processed through next-generation sequencing. Primers/probes sequences from 13 target regions for SARS-CoV-2 detection suggested by 7 institutions and consolidated by WHO during the early stage of the pandemic were aligned with Muscle tool to assess the genetic variability potentially affecting their performance. Finally, the corresponding codon positions at the 3' end of each primer, the open reading frame inspection was identified for each gene/protein product. Complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes were obtained from 30 COVID-19 cases, representative of the current epidemiology in the country. Mismatches between at least one Colombian sequence and five oligonucleotides targeting the RdRP and N genes were observed. The 3' end of 4 primers aligned to the third codon position, showed high risk of nucleotide substitution and potential mismatches at this critical position. Genetic variability was detected in Colombian SARS-CoV-2 sequences in some of the primer/probe regions for in-house rRT-PCR diagnostic tests available at WHO COVID-19 technical guidelines; its impact on the performance and rates of false-negative results should be experimentally evaluated. The genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is highly recommended for the early identification of mutations in critical regions and to issue recommendations on specific diagnostic tests to ensure the coverage of locally-circulating genetic variants.
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Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Genoma Viral , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , ARN Viral/genética , Proteínas Virales/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidad , COVID-19 , Prueba de COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Colombia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/patología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Variación Genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Epidemiología Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Neumonía Viral/patología , Neumonía Viral/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , SARS-CoV-2 , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
Molecular information is crucial for species identification when facing challenging morphology-based specimen identifications. The use of DNA barcodes partially solves this problem, but in some cases when PCR is not an option (i.e., primers are not available, problems in reaction standardization), amplification-free approaches could be an optimal alternative. Recent advances in DNA sequencing, like the MinION device from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), allow to obtain genomic data with low laboratory and technical requirements, and at a relatively low cost. In this study, we explore ONT sequencing for molecular species identification from a total DNA sample obtained from a neotropical rodent and we also test the technology for complete mitochondrial genome reconstruction via genome skimming. We were able to obtain "de novo" the complete mitogenome of a specimen from the genus Melanomys (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) with average depth coverage of 78X using ONT-only data and by combining multiple assembly routines. Our pipeline for an automated species identification was able to identify the sample using unassembled sequence data (raw) in a reasonable computing time, which was substantially reduced when a priori information related to the organism identity was known. Our findings suggest ONT sequencing as a suitable candidate to solve species identification problems in metazoan nonmodel organisms and generate complete mtDNA datasets.
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Bacillus subtilis is a remarkably diverse bacterial species that displays many ecological functions. Given its genomic diversity, the strain Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0575, isolated from the rhizosphere of a banana plant, was sequenced and assembled to determine the genomic potential associated with its plant growth promotion potential. The genome was sequenced by Illumina technology and assembled using Velvet 1.2.10, resulting in a whole genome of 4.09 Mb with 4332 genes. Genes involved in the production of indoles, siderophores, lipopeptides, volatile compounds, phytase, bacilibactin, and nitrogenase were predicted by gene annotation or by metabolic pathway prediction by RAST. These potential traits were determined using in vitro biochemical tests, finding that B. subtilis EA-CB0575 produces two families of lipopeptides (surfactin and fengycin), solubilizes phosphate, fixes nitrogen, and produces indole and siderophores compounds. Finally, strain EA-CB0575 increased 34.60% the total dry weight (TDW) of tomato plants with respect to non-inoculated plants at greenhouse level. These results suggest that the identification of strain-specific genes and predicted metabolic pathways might explain the strain potential to promote plant growth by several mechanisms of action, accelerating the development of plant biostimulants for sustainable agricultural.
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Bacillus subtilis/genética , Genoma Bacteriano , Rizosfera , 6-Fitasa/genética , 6-Fitasa/metabolismo , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Bacillus subtilis/patogenicidad , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Producción de Cultivos/métodos , Indoles/metabolismo , Lipopéptidos/genética , Lipopéptidos/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Musa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Musa/microbiología , Nitrogenasa , Péptidos Cíclicos/genética , Péptidos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Sideróforos/genética , Sideróforos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The free vascularized fibular graft is nowadays the preferred technique for pediatric mandibular reconstruction. Despite the versatility and proven efficacy for restoring the facial appearance and maxillomandibular function, those mandibular reconstructions with free vascularized fibula associate difficulties for a simultaneous restoration of the alveolar height and facial contour, which are derived from the height discrepancy between the fibula and the native mandible. In addition, the donor-site growth and morbidity are of special concern in the pediatric patient. We report a novel technique for pediatric mandibular reconstruction, in an 11-year-old girl, using a combination of a bone allograft segment with a vascularized fibular periosteal flap (VFPF), after resection of an Ewing sarcoma located at the right body of the mandible. The patient has showed optimal cosmetic, functional, and radiological outcomes, which have been maintained for 2.5 years, without detecting donor-site complications. Through this original technique, and based on the powerful osteogenic and vasculogenic properties of the pediatric VFPFs, we could effectively reconstruct a large mandibular defect providing a functional and aesthetic reconstruction, while avoiding the potential morbidity associated with the fibula resection.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate a technique for the surgical repositioning of the premaxilla using a minimally invasive endonasal approach. DESIGN: Retrospective review of clinical records. SETTING: Tertiary care, University Hospital, pediatric maxillofacial surgery unit. PATIENTS: Twenty-one patients (12 boys and 9 girls), ages ranging from 6 to 21 years, with BCLP+A and premaxillary malposition (PM). INTERVENTIONS: Surgical repositioning of the premaxilla (SRP) using a minimally invasive endonasal approach, from November 2007 to November 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Achieving maxillary arch alignment and premaxillary stability was defined as treatment success. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were also recorded. RESULTS: In all cases (100%), the treatment was successful either at first surgery or after reoperation. Two patients (9.5%) were reoperated-one due to premaxillary instability and one due to PM relapse. There were no perioperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: SRP using a minimally invasive endonasal approach is a safe and effective technique that levels and aligns the maxillary arch in preparation for SABG, which minimizes the risk of wound infection and premaxillary vascular compromise. The endonasal approach improves tissue quality of the mucoperiosteal flaps when performing the SABG procedure. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the best protocols and techniques for the management of PM in patients with BCLP+ A.
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Labio Leporino/cirugía , Fisura del Paladar/cirugía , Maxilar/cirugía , Osteotomía/métodos , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Adolescente , Niño , Labio Leporino/diagnóstico por imagen , Fisura del Paladar/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Fotograbar/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The strain Purpureocillium sp. UdeA0106 is an antagonist of nematodes, fungi, and garden symphylans from crops with high economic importance in Colombia (Salazar 2013; Salazar et al. 2014; Cardona et al. 2014; Gallego et al. 2014) and is being studied to be proposed as new species. It was included on the 1000 fungal genomes project to elucidate its phylogenetic relationships with other fungi. Purpureocillium's mitogenome has 23,495 bp of circular size. It contains 15 protein-coding genes without duplications (PCGs), corresponding to the 60% of its total length, 23 transfer genes (7.6% tRNA), two of them duplicated (trnR and trnM), and two ribosomal genes (17.6% rRNA) and a GC content of 28.44%. A phylogenetic tree was proposed using their 14 PCGs mitochondrial genes and was compared with other fungi of the Subphylum Pezizomycotina. Phylogenetics relationships showed UdeA0106 to be close to P. chlamydosporia and M. anisopliae forming a cluster with other fungal biocontrol agents and separated the strain of plant pathogenic fungi.
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The complete mitogenome of the potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was sequenced, annotated, characterized and compared with 140 species of the order Lepidoptera. The circular genome is 15,251 bp, containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and an A+T-rich region). The gene arrangement was identical to other lepidopteran mitogenomes but different from the ancestral arrangement found in most insects for the tRNA-Met gene (A+T-region, tRNA-I, tRNA-Q, tRNA-M). The mitogenome of T. solanivora is highly A+T-biased (78.2%) and exhibits negative AT- and GC-skews. All PCGs are initiated by canonical ATN start codons, except for Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (COI), which is initiated by CGA. Most PCGs have a complete typical stop codon (TAA). Only NAD1 has a TAG stop codon and the COII and NAD5 genes have an incomplete stop codon consisting of just a T. The A+T-rich region is 332 bp long and contains common features found in lepidopteran mitogenomes, including the 'ATAGA' motif, a 17 bp poly (T) stretch and a (AT)8 element preceded by the 'ATTTA' motif. Other tandem repeats like (TAA)4 and (TAT)7 were found, as well as (T)6 and (A)10 mononucleotide repeat elements. Finally, this mitogenome has 20 intergenic spacer regions. The phylogenetic relationship of T. solanivora with 28 other lepidopteran families (12 superfamilies) showed that taxonomic classification by morphological features coincides with the inferred phylogeny. Thus, the Gelechiidae family represents a monophyletic group, suggesting that T. solanivora and Pectinophora gossypiella have a recent common ancestor.