RESUMEN
Wilt disease complex of carrot is caused by Ralstonia solancearum and Meloidogyne incognita and is responsible for considerable yield loss. Manganese oxide nanoparticle (MnO2 NPs) and Pseudomonas putida were used alone and in combination for the management of wilt disease complex. In vitro, MnO2 NPs 0.10 g.L-l caused 49.36% reduction in hatching and 14.23% mortality of second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita while paper disc dipped in MnO2 NPs suspension caused 0.51 mm inhibition zone around R. solanacearum in nutrient agar medium. Inoculation of P. putida to plants with pathogens caused a similar increase in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as caused by foliar spray with 0.10 g.L-1 MnO2 NPs. Use of P. putida with NPs foliar spray to plants with pathogens caused a greater increase in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents than with P. putida or NPs foliar spray. Inoculation of M. incognita/R. solanacearum/M. incognita plus R. solanacearum/P. putida/MnO2 NPs and MnO2 NPs plus P. putida caused increase in proline contents. Root colonization by P. putida was reduced in plants with test pathogens. Foliar application of MnO2 NPs and P. putida reduce wilt disease indices. Galling and populations of M. incognita was also reduced in plants co-inoculated with R. solanacearum. The greatest reduction in nematode populations and galling was observed in plants with NPs spray together with P. putida. Principal component analysis demonstrated a clear influence of NPS and P. putida and their combination on various studied parameters in diseased plants.
Asunto(s)
Daucus carota , Nanopartículas , Pseudomonas putida , Compuestos de Manganeso , Óxidos/farmacología , Carotenoides , ClorofilaRESUMEN
Plant diseases caused by phytopathogens are a severe threat to global food production. Management of plant diseases mostly rely on the application of pesticides which have several adverse effects on the ecosystem. Innovative and high-performance diagnostic tools are useful for the early detection of phytopathogens. Emerging role of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles (NPs) in plant disease diagnostics to combat crop diseases has been described. These NPs constitute new weapons against plant pathogens and facilitate the early diagnosis/management of crop diseases specifically in resource-poor conditions. The interactions between NPs, phytopathogens and plants showed great diversity and multiplicity which reduces chances of the development of resistant pathogen strains. The present article discusses the available literature as well as challenges and research gaps that are essential in the successful utilization of metal and metal oxide NPs for precise and timely detection and management of plant diseases.
Asunto(s)
Nanopartículas del Metal , Nanopartículas , Ecosistema , Metales , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Óxidos , Enfermedades de las Plantas , PlantasRESUMEN
Foliar spray of silicon dioxide (SiO2 NPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) nanoparticles were used for the management of Meloidogyne incognita, Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani disease complex of carrot. Foliar spray of SiO2 NPs/ZnO NPs or TiO2 NPs increased plant growth attributes, chlorophyll and carotenoid of carrot. Foliar spray of 0.10 mg ml-1 SiO2 NPs caused the highest increase in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid content of leaves followed by spray of 0.10 mg ml-1 ZnO NPs, 0.05 mg ml-1 SiO2 NPs, 0.05 mg ml-1 ZnO NPs, 0.10 mg ml-1 TiO2 NPs and 0.05 mg ml-1 TiO2 NPs. Use of SiO2 NPs caused a higher reduction in root galling, nematode multiplication and disease indices followed by ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs. Two principal components analysis showed a total of 97.84% overall data variance in plants inoculated with single pathogen and 97.20% in plants inoculated with two or more pathogens. Therefore, foliar spray of SiO2 NPs appears interesting for the management of disease complex of carrot.
Asunto(s)
Alternaria/efectos de los fármacos , Daucus carota , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/parasitología , Rhizoctonia/efectos de los fármacos , Tylenchoidea/efectos de los fármacos , Aerosoles , Alternaria/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alternaria/patogenicidad , Animales , Carotenoides/análisis , Clorofila/análisis , Daucus carota/crecimiento & desarrollo , Daucus carota/microbiología , Daucus carota/parasitología , Microscopía Fluorescente , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Análisis de Componente Principal , Rhizoctonia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Rhizoctonia/patogenicidad , Dióxido de Silicio/farmacología , Titanio/farmacología , Tylenchoidea/patogenicidad , Óxido de Zinc/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Biocontrol achieved by a single biocontrol agent is generally inconsistent under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to increase the competitiveness and efficacy of biocontrol agents by using them together with cattle manure. RESULTS: The effects of antagonistic fungi [Aspergillus niger v. Teigh., Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson and Penicillium chrysogenum Thom] and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [Azotobacter chroococcum Beijer., Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Pseudomonas putida (Trev.) Mig.] were assessed with cattle manure on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kof. & White) Chitwood. Application of antagonistic fungi and PGPR alone and in combination with cattle manure resulted in a significant increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants. The highest increase (79%) in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants was observed when P. putida was used with cattle manure, followed by use of P. lilacinus plus cattle manure. Paecilomyces lilacinus resulted in a high reduction in galling and nematode multiplication, followed by P. putida, B. subtilis, A. niger, A. chroococcum and P. chrysogenum. The combined use of P. lilacinus with cattle manure resulted in a maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication. CONCLUSION: Application of P. lilacinus or P. putida with cattle manure was useful to achieve greater biocontrol of M. incognita on tomato.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Hongos/fisiología , Estiércol/microbiología , Control Biológico de Vectores , Enfermedades de las Plantas/parasitología , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tylenchoidea/fisiología , Animales , Bovinos , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Solanum lycopersicum/parasitología , Estiércol/análisis , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Glasshouse experiments were conducted twice to assess the ash amendments (0, 20, and 40% with soil), a phosphate solubilizing microorganism Pseudomonas striata and a root-nodule bacterium Rhizobium sp on the reproduction of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea. Amendments of fly ash with soil had no effect on transpiration. However, M. incognita reduced the rate of transpiration from 1st week onward after inoculation while inoculation of Rhizobium sp and P. striata increased transpiration from 1st week onward after their inoculation both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Increase in transpiration was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Addition of 20 and 40% fly ash with soil was beneficial for plant growth both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Inoculation of above organisms also increases plant growth of nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants in different fly ash soil mixture but increase in growth was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Use of 20% fly ash increased galling and nematode multiplication over plants grown in without fly ash while 40% fly ash had adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication. Rhizobium sp had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than P. striata. Use of both organisms together had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than caused by either of them alone. Highest reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when both organisms were used in 40% fly ash amended soil. However, highest transpiration was observed in plants without nematodes and inoculated with both organisms together both in with or without fly ash amended soil.
Asunto(s)
Carbono , Pisum sativum/fisiología , Pseudomonas/fisiología , Rhizobium/fisiología , Tylenchoidea/fisiología , Animales , Ceniza del Carbón , Material Particulado , Pisum sativum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and composted organic fertilizers (cow dung, horse dung, goat dung and poultry manure) alone and in combination on the multiplication of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato. P. fluorescens was better at improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than A. chroococcum or A. brasilense. Among composted organic fertilizers, poultry manure resulted in less galling and nematode multiplication than occurred with goat dung. However, composted goat dung was better in reducing nematode multiplication and improving plant growth than horse dung. Cow dung was the composted organic fertilizer least effective in reducing galling and nematode multiplication. Poultry manure with P. fluorescens was the best combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato but improved management of M. incognita can also be obtained if goat dung is used with P. fluorescens or poultry manure with A. chroococcum.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias , Fertilizantes , Estiércol , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tylenchoidea/fisiología , Animales , Bovinos , Fertilizantes/toxicidad , Cabras , Caballos , Solanum lycopersicum/efectos de los fármacos , Aves de Corral , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Reproducción/fisiología , Tylenchoidea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of Alternaria triticina with and without foliar dusting of fly ash (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 g plant(-1)/day(-1)) on the growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, protein and lysine contents of three cultivars of wheat, Triticum aestivum. Dusting of 2.5 and 5.0 g fly ash caused a significant increase in growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, protein and lysine contents of all the three cultivars. Dusting of 5.0 g fly ash caused a higher increase in the parameters than the 2.5 g dusting. However, dusting of 7.5 g fly ash had an adverse effect on growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, protein and lysine contents. Cultivar HD-2009 suffered highest reductions in growth and yield and showed greater infected leaf area and disease symptoms from A. triticina followed by HD-2329 and Lok-1. Inoculation of A. triticina to plants dusted with 2.5/5.0 g fly ash gave higher reduction in growth and yield than did plants inoculated with A. triticina without fly ash. Cultivar Lok-1 showed highest growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, protein and lysine contents followed by HD-2329 and HD-2009.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Alternaria/patogenicidad , Fotosíntesis , Triticum/microbiología , Triticum/fisiología , Carbón Mineral , Incineración , Lisina/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Proteínas/análisis , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
A 120-day greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of various fly ash concentrations (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% vol/vol) with normal field soil and Helminthosporium oryzae on the growth and yield of three cultivars (Pusa Basmati, Pant-4 and Pant-10) of rice, Oryza sativa L. Application of 20% and 40% fly ash with soil caused a significant increase in plant growth and yield of all the three cultivars. Forty percent fly ash caused a higher increase in growth and yield than did 20%. Sixty percent, 80% and 100% fly ash had an adverse effect on growth and yield of all the three cultivars, the maximum being with 100% fly ash. Inoculation of H. oryzae had an adverse effect on the growth and yield, Pant-10 suffered higher damage by H. oryzae than Pusa Basmati and Pant-4. Pant-10 also exhibited higher infected leaf area and greater disease symptoms of H. oryzae than did Pusa Basmati and Pant-4. Plants grown in 100% fly ash suffered higher reductions in growth and yield with H. oryzae than plants grown in pure soil or in 20% or 40% fly ash. In general, plant growth was best in Pusa Basmati followed by Pant-4 and Pant-10, while yield was higher in Pant-4 followed by Pant-10 and Pusa Basmati.