RESUMEN
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder associated with spinal cord and brain, chiefly affects the white matter. Regarding the complexity as well as heterogenic etiology of this disease, the treatment of MS has been a challenging issue up to now. Researchers are working to develop new therapeutic strategies and drugs as complementary therapies. MS diagnosis significantly depends on the findings of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination. In this imaging technique, gadolinium is used as a contrast agent to reveal active plaques intending to destroy the bloodbrain barrier. It also detects plaques that are not correlated with the neurological symptoms. It has been attempted to determine biomarkers related to different dimensions of MS in various organizational hierarchy levels of the human anatomy (i.e., cells, proteins, RNA, and DNA). These biomarkers are appropriate diagnostic tools for MS diagnosis. In this review, we summarized the application of MRI and biochemical biomarkers to monitor MS patients. Moreover, we highlighted the joint application of MRI and biomarkers for the diagnosis of MS subjects.
Asunto(s)
Esclerosis Múltiple , Biomarcadores , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Esclerosis Múltiple/diagnóstico por imagen , Médula EspinalRESUMEN
Cell therapy is an emerging fields in the treatment of various diseases such as cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and neoplastic diseases. Stem cells are an integral tool for cell therapy. Multipotent stem cells are an important class of stem cells which have the ability to self-renew through dividing and developing into multiple specific cell types in a specific tissue or organ. These cells are capable to activate or inhibit a sequence of cellular and molecular pathways leading to anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects which might contribute to the treatment of various diseases. It has been showed that multipotent stem cells exert their therapeutic effects via inhibition/activation of a sequence of cellular and molecular pathways. Although the advantages of multipotent stem cells are numerous, further investigation is still necessary to clarify the biology and safety of these cells before they could be considered as a potential treatment for different types of diseases. This review summarizes different features of multipotent stem cells including isolation, differentiation, and therapeutic applications.