RESUMEN
Trace metals deficiency or excess are associated with the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Aconiti Radix Cocta(A) and Paeoniae Radix Alba(B) are commonly used together for the treatment of RA. In this study, we aim to determine anti-arthritic-related metal bioavailability in the compatibility of herb A and B for avoiding metal deficiency or excess, and optimize the combination ratio of herb A and B, accordingly. Anti-arthritic-related metal bioaccessibility were evaluated by in vitro simulator of all gastrointestinal tract(including mouth, stomach, small and large intestines), and the roles of gastrointestinal digestive enzymes and intestinal microflora were investigated. Anti-arthritic-related metal bioavailability was assessed by the affinity adsorption with liposomes. The results indicated that compatibility proportion of corresponding herbal plants, gastrointestinal digestion and microbial metabolic, which could affect metal digestion and absorption. The optimal compatibility proportion of 1 A∶1 B is recommended, according to the dose of anti-arthritic-related metal bioavailability, which is often chosen for clinical practice of RA therapy. Thus, anti-arthritic-related metal bioavailability might be the key active substances for RA treatment.
Asunto(s)
Aconitum , Disponibilidad Biológica , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , PaeoniaRESUMEN
Coastal diatoms are often exposed to both petroleum-derived hydrocarbon pollution and eutrophication. How these exposures influence on algal biomass, lifetime, and nutritional value are unknown. To examine a more accurate risk assessment of the pollutants on the role of diatoms in coastal ecosystem functions, Conticribra weissflogii was maintained at different concentrations of nitrate (N) and/or water-soluble fractions of No.0 diesel oil (WSF). Algal density, cell growth cycle, protein, chlorophyll a, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malonaldehyde (MDA) were determined for the assessment of algal biomass, lifetime, nutritional value, photosynthesis and respiration, antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation, respectively.When N addition was combined with WSF pollution, the cell growth cycles were shortened by 27-44%; SOD activities were decreased by 1-64%; algal density, the concentrations of chlorophyll a, protein, and MDA were varied between 38 and 310%, 62 and 712%, 4 and 124%, and 19 and 233% of the values observed in N addition experiments, respectively. Coastal ecosystem functions were severely weakened by N and WSF additions, and the influence was increased in the order: NAsunto(s)
Diatomeas/efectos de los fármacos
, Nitratos/toxicidad
, Petróleo/toxicidad
, Fitoplancton/efectos de los fármacos
, Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad
, Biomasa
, Diatomeas/crecimiento & desarrollo
, Diatomeas/metabolismo
, Ecosistema
, Malondialdehído/metabolismo
, Fitoplancton/crecimiento & desarrollo
, Fitoplancton/metabolismo
, Medición de Riesgo
, Agua de Mar
, Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo
RESUMEN
Diatoms dominate phytoplankton communities in the well-mixed coastal and upwelling regions. Coastal diatoms are often exposed to both aquaculture pollution and eutrophication. But how these exposures influence on coastal ecosystem functions are unknown. To examine these influences, a coastal centric diatom, Conticribra weissflogii was maintained at different concentrations of nitrate (N) and/or oxytetracycline (OTC). Algal density, cell growth cycle, protein, chlorophyll a, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malonaldehyde (MDA) were determined for the assessment of algal biomass, lifetime, nutritional value, photosynthesis and respiration, antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation, respectively. When N addition was combined with OTC pollution, the cell growth cycles were shortened by 56-73%; algal density, SOD activities, the concentrations of chlorophyll a, protein, and MDA varied between 73 and 121%, 19 and 397%, 52 and 693%, 19 and 875%, and 66 and 2733% of the values observed in N addition experiments, respectively. According to P-value analysis, the influence of OTC on algal density and SOD activity was not significant, but the effect on cell growth cycle, protein, chlorophyll a, and MDA were significant (P<0.05). The influence of N addition with simultaneous OTC pollution on the above six end points was significant. Algal biomass, lifetime, nutrition, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, photosynthesis, and respiration were all affected by the addition of OTC and N. Coastal ecosystem functions were severely affected by N and OTC additions, and the influence was increased in the order: NAsunto(s)
Diatomeas/efectos de los fármacos
, Ecosistema
, Nitratos/toxicidad
, Oxitetraciclina/toxicidad
, Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad
, Clorofila/metabolismo
, Clorofila A
, Diatomeas/enzimología
, Diatomeas/crecimiento & desarrollo
, Malondialdehído/metabolismo
, Densidad de Población
, Medición de Riesgo
, Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo
RESUMEN
One of the causes of the high cost of pharmaceuticals and the major obstacles to rapidly assessing the bioavailability and risk of a chemical is the lack of experimental model systems. A new pre-treatment technology, in vitro bionic digestion was designed for metal analysis in Lianhua Qingwen capsule. The capsule was digested on 37 degrees C under the acidity of the stomach or intestine, and with the inorganic and organic compounds (including digestive enzymes) found in the stomach or intestine, and then the chyme was obtained. Being similar to the biomembrane between the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels, monolayer liposome was used as biomembrane model Affinity-monolayer liposome metals (AMLMs) and water-soluble metals were used for metal speciation analysis in the capsule. Based on the concentration of AMLMs, the main absorption site of trace metals was proposed. The metal total contents or the concentration of AMLMs in the capsule were compared to the nutritional requirements, daily permissible dose and heavy metal total contents from the "import and export of medicinal plants and preparation of green industry state standards". The metal concentrations in the capsule were within the safety baseline levels for human consumption. After in vitro bionic digestion, most of trace metals were absorbed mainly in intestine. The concentration of As, Cd, Pb was 0.38, 0.07, 1.60 mg x kg(-1), respectively, far less than the permissible dose from the "import and export of medicinal plants and preparation of green industry state standards".
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Disponibilidad Biológica , Cápsulas , Farmacocinética , Digestión , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Farmacocinética , Metales Pesados , Farmacocinética , Modelos Biológicos , Estómago , Metabolismo , Oligoelementos , FarmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Coastal organisms are often exposed to both metal pollution and macronutrient enrichment. Dunaliella salina, a uni-cell, cell-wall-less green marine microalga, was used as a model marine organism. The influences of major nutrients additions on the absorption (intracellular uptake), adsorption (cellular surface uptake), and bioconcentration of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) in Dunaliella salina over 10 days were examined. When N:P ratio was 16 (8, 0.5 micromol/L for nitrate, phosphate), both metal absorption and bioconcentration factor were the most. The maximum and minimum metal adsorptions were obtained, respectively, at N:P ratio of 110 (55, 0.5 micromol/L for nitrate, phosphate) and 25 (12.5, 0.5 micromol/L for nitrate, phosphate). The difference in ambient nitrate concentration did not affect the order of metal adsorption of Dunaliella salina (Fe >> Zn > Mn > Cu), but the absolute adsorption quantities were greatly affected. The influence of nitrate concentration on metal absorption and adsorption was different.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados/farmacocinética , Nitratos/farmacología , Fitoplancton/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/farmacocinética , Biomasa , Humanos , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Since n-octanol, a long-chain alkanol, presents a configuration similar to that of carbohydrates and lipids, the lipophilicity and absorptivity of organic medicines may be assessed from their distribution coefficients between octanol and water. n-octanol is used as a model of biomembrane. This strategy has been used in order to define the species of iron in two phytomedicines and to study the distribution of iron in decoctions of phytomedicines in the stomach and the intestine. The concentrations of iron in the original herbal materials and in n-octanol- and water-soluble species were determined by flame atomic spectrometry following mixed acid digestion. The acidities of digestive and absorptive juices (saliva, gastric juice, bile and intestine), the phytomedical composition and the compatibility of phytomedicines, i.e., the combination ratio of single phytomedicines, greatly affected the iron complexing ligands and determined the species and bioavailability of iron. The concentration of octanol-soluble iron could be used for the bioavailability assessment of iron in phytomedicines. The dosage of iron in phytomedicines could be designed according to the level of the octanol-soluble iron and the reference daily intakes for iron (18 mg/d). Risk assessment could be examined through the comparison between the level of the octanol-soluble iron and the tolerable upper intake level for iron (45 mg iron/d).
Asunto(s)
Aconitum/química , Hierro , Paeonia/química , Fitoterapia , Preparaciones de Plantas/química , 1-Octanol/química , Disponibilidad Biológica , Jugo Gástrico/química , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Hierro/química , Hierro/farmacocinética , Preparaciones de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Factores de Riesgo , Solventes/química , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
The effects of compatibility, that is combination of Prunus persica Batsch (L.) and Carthamus tinctorus (L.), and different acidity of digestive site on the species, lipopily and bioavailability of coordinated complex of iron, manganese, and zinc in medical decoction were studied. In view of octanol, a long-chain alkanol, resembled as the configuration of carbohydrate and adipose in human body, the octanol- and water-solubility were used to define the species of trace element in phytomedicine, to identify the lipopily and bioavailability of trace element, and octanol-water system was adopted to study the distribution of trace element in decoction of P. persica Batsch (L.) (A), C. tinctorus (L.) (B), and combination of medicine A and B (C) in stomach and intestine. The total concentration, water- and octanol-solubility concentration of iron, manganese, and zinc in medicinal material A, B and C or its decoction under gastric and intestinal acidity, were determined respectively by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, analyzed and compared. The compatibility of medicine A and B enhances the extract percent, octanol-solubility concentration, and stability of coordinated complex of iron, manganese, and zinc. Different acidity of digestive site and compatibility of medicines impact on the ligands of iron, manganese, and zinc, then greatly affect the species and its quantification, the lipopily and bioavailability of trace element. Such influence is quite different for different trace element. Such factors, especially the concentration of octanol-solubility trace element, could be the basis of the dosage to avoid trace element overload.