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Aim The study aimed to evaluate children's and parent's preferences of dentist's attire during Covid-19 pandemic and their relationship with dental anxiety. Methods A total of 139 Children(71 boys, 68 girls) aged 6-12 years were shown videos of a pediatric dentist working with different attire such as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and pedoscrub, and they were asked to express the way they preferred their dentist to be dressed. Children's anxiety levels with different attire of paediatric dentists were assessed in different age groups and for boys and girls separately and recorded it using the Facial image scale. A questionnaire regarding dental anxiety was created online and completed by 139 parents (76 females, 63 males) of various ages and different educational backgrounds who were asked to choose between two outfits. Results were tabulated and statistically analysed using Chi-square test. Results Children aged 10-12 years preferred PPE by 50.6%, whereas 48.1% of children aged 6-9 years least preferred PPE (<0.05). About 46 (33%) were scored as anxious children and they had a preference for pedoscrub. Also, nonanxious children 43(31%) preferred PPE. All educated parents (100%) selected PPE over pedoscrub and the result were shown to be statistically significant. (<0.05). Conclusion Ultimately, the majority of the anxious children chosen pedoscrub, whereas non - anxious children have chosen PPE. Furthermore, the data reveals that both educated parents and older children preferred PPE as their attire for paediatric dentists.

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Background and Aim: A staple food crops have varied role in diet of people living in particular regions of world; hence, it is critical to recognize their productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate fluoride concentration in staple food crops grown in highly fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions and its correlation with soil. Method: Total 36 samples were collected of which 18 samples consisting of each three samples of rice, redgram and jowar were selected. Likewise 18 corresponding soil samples from both areas were collected. All samples were ashed for 4-6 hours at 550°C in muffle furnace. The samples were allowed to cool, after which 10 ml distilled water was added to each sample and fluoride concentration was determined using ion selective electrode method, before each sample analysis the instrument was standardized using fluoride containing TISAB (III) buffer solution. The data was tabulated and subjected to cross-sectional observational statistical analysis using SPSS software applying unpaired t-test and Pearson's test. Result: The mean fluoride concentration in crops and soils were rice (0.79 ppm), redgram (4.26 ppm), jowar (8.8 ppm) and in soil of rice (1.23 ppm), redgram (1.23 ppm) and jowar (1.21 ppm) respectively in fluoridated area. Where as in non-fluoridated area rice (0.07 ppm), redgram (0.81 ppm), jowar (0.81 ppm) and in soil of rice (0.61 ppm), redgram (0.07 ppm) and jowar (0.52 ppm) respectively. The resultant correlation between staple food crops with their corresponding soils were found highly significant in both regions with P value <0.005; hence, crops in fluoridated region exhibited increased fluoride retention, whereas crops in non-fluoridated region had optimal fluoride levels. Conclusion: Fluoride concentration in food crops has strong correlation with their respective soils and water irrigation properties.

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Background@#In the field of dentistry, topical anesthetics play an important role in reducing pain during needle pricks. The anesthetic property of betel leaves remain unexplored, even though they have been widely used for the treatment of various ailments. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate pain perception following topical application of lignocaine gel, clove gel, ice, and newly developed betel leaf extract gel during intraoral injection in children. @*Methods@#Sixty children aged 6-10 years who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups. Topical anesthetic agents, 2% lignocaine (Lox-2% Jelly, Neon, Mumbai, India), 4.7% clove gel (Pain Out Dental Gel, Colgate Palmolive India Ltd, Solan, India), 10% betel leaf extract gel, and ice were applied to each group for one min, followed by administration of infiltration anesthesia. Pain perception was analyzed during needle insertion.The Wong Bakers FACES pain rating scale (WBFPRS) was used for subjective assessment and the Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM) scale for objective assessment. Recorded values were tabulated and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis using SPSS software with a P value set at 0.05. @*Results@#The clove oil and betel leaf groups demonstrated the highest WBFPRS scores, followed by the ice and lignocaine groups. The clove, betel leaf extract, and ice groups showed equal and highest SEM scores, followed by the lignocaine group. The mean WBFPRS and mean SEM scores were statistically significant. @*Conclusion@#Betel leaf extract gel is effective in reducing pain and can act as an alternative topical anesthetic agent.

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Background@#In the field of dentistry, topical anesthetics play an important role in reducing pain during needle pricks. The anesthetic property of betel leaves remain unexplored, even though they have been widely used for the treatment of various ailments. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate pain perception following topical application of lignocaine gel, clove gel, ice, and newly developed betel leaf extract gel during intraoral injection in children. @*Methods@#Sixty children aged 6-10 years who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups. Topical anesthetic agents, 2% lignocaine (Lox-2% Jelly, Neon, Mumbai, India), 4.7% clove gel (Pain Out Dental Gel, Colgate Palmolive India Ltd, Solan, India), 10% betel leaf extract gel, and ice were applied to each group for one min, followed by administration of infiltration anesthesia. Pain perception was analyzed during needle insertion.The Wong Bakers FACES pain rating scale (WBFPRS) was used for subjective assessment and the Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM) scale for objective assessment. Recorded values were tabulated and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis using SPSS software with a P value set at 0.05. @*Results@#The clove oil and betel leaf groups demonstrated the highest WBFPRS scores, followed by the ice and lignocaine groups. The clove, betel leaf extract, and ice groups showed equal and highest SEM scores, followed by the lignocaine group. The mean WBFPRS and mean SEM scores were statistically significant. @*Conclusion@#Betel leaf extract gel is effective in reducing pain and can act as an alternative topical anesthetic agent.

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BACKGROUND: The quest for an ideal restorative material has led to the discovery of biological restoration that is, the use of natural tooth as a restorative material. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the knowledge about biological restorations and efficacy of health education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a questionnaire-based pre- and post-educational interventional study. Around 386 parents reported to the department and willing to participate were included in the study. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The study was carried out in three phases where the second being the health education by individual approach. The data were further subjected to statistical analysis. RESULT: Our study comprised of 117 (30.3%) fathers and 269 (69.7%) mothers. When enquired about the awareness of biological restoration and tooth banks 96.6% and 95.3% of the parents were unaware of it respectively. About the acceptance of biological restoration treatment before the intervention, only 26% of parents accepted the treatment. However, after the educational intervention, the acceptance increased to 93%. CONCLUSION: A lacuna exists as per the knowledge and awareness of biological restorations was concerned. Health education can be considered as a pioneering approach in the creation of awareness and there is an increased need to conduct such educational interventions to improve parents' attitudes.

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BACKGROUND: Intelligence is the ability of a mind to acquire knowledge and skills; gain for a fact; to take care of issues; to adjust to new circumstances; and one's ability for rationale, understanding, mindfulness, arranging, and imagination. In a general description, it is a capacity to recognize information and to employ it as knowledge toward a modified behavior within an environment. This thought helps children to maintain oral hygiene in a better way. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present research was undertaken on 240 schoolgoing children aged 7-11 years of government schools of Hyderabad-Karnataka region, in order to estimate the relation between intelligence quotient (IQ) of a child with dental caries. IQ level has been assessed by using Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices as an IQ testing scale. Caries status was assessed by using Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between children with different levels of IQ and dental caries. However, the majority of children who belong to Grade V (intellectually impaired) had higher dental caries. CONCLUSION: An increase in IQ causes a decrease in dental caries and vice versa; however, no significant association was observed between the level of intelligence and caries (P = 0.202). There is a promising correlation between IQ and presence or absence of dental caries among children.

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INTRODUCTION: Dental fluorosis is considered as a serious public health problem in India. Water is usually the major source of fluoride exposure, but this is not the case always as exposure to local factors like diet can be important in some situations. Earlier studies have shown that jowar (a millet) consumption interacts with fluoride in the body and elevate fluorosis. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between jowar consumption and severity of dental fluorosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hundred schoolgoing children of 10-14 years old was selected by random sampling from Wadloor village. Dental fluorosis was measured in children by Thylstrup-Fejerskov index (1988). Twenty-four hours diet recall method was used to know the exposure to jowar of the children. A pretested questionnaire was given to mother or caretaker to record the jowar consumption. Spot urine samples of children were collected in plastic containers (20 ml) and brought to the laboratory in icebox. Ion selective electrode method was used to measure the fluoride level in urine samples of children. RESULTS: On comparison of the quantity of jowar and fluorosis using Pearson Chi-square test, difference among variable was found out to be statistically significant (P = 0.013, P < 0.05). On comparison of quantity jowar consumption and urinary fluoride level using Pearson Chi-square test, the difference among variable was found statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Jowar consuming population was positively associated with severity of dental fluorosis.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), previously known as histiocytosis X, is an uncommon hematological disorder affecting infants and young children. It is the condition characterized by uncontrolled stimulation and proliferation of normal antigen presenting cells, Langerhans cells. Because of its relatively low incidence, limited data are available regarding the epidemiology of LCH, with estimation of 2-5 cases per million inhabitants per year. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of LCH in the 3-year-old male child with multiple focal involvements of bones and to discuss clinical, radiological and histopathological features of LCH and role of the dental surgeon in diagnosing and managing such lesions.

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AIMS: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the sealing ability of root canal obturation after the application of fluoride varnish (MI Varnish) containing 5% sodium fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, fluoride varnish, and AH Plus and AH-Plus as root canal sealer by bacterial penetration test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Root canals of 65 single-rooted and single-canalled teeth were prepared. They were divided into three experimental groups (n = 15) and two control groups (n = 10). The root canal walls in Group I were coated with AH Plus, Group II were coated with AH Plus and fluoride varnish, and Group III were coated with fluoride varnish. All the teeth were obturated with gutta-percha using the lateral condensation technique. Enterococcus faecalis were used as test bacteria to determine the leakage during 100 days. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data were analyzed using log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Group III showed significantly less bacterial penetration as compared to Group I (P = 0.01) and Group II (P = 0.03). However, there was no statistical significance between Groups I and II (P = 0.672). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded from the present study that fluoride varnish can be used as a root canal sealer. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required.

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Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a tumor of skeletal muscle origin, is the second most common soft tissue sarcoma encountered in childhood after osteosarcoma. The common sites of occurrence are the head and neck region, genitourinary tract, retroperitoneum, and to a lesser extent, the extremities. Site predilections in the oral cavity are a soft palate, maxillary sinus and alveolus, posterior mandibular region, cheek and lip, and possibly tongue. RMS is a highly malignant tumor with extensive local invasions and early hemorrhagic and lymphatic dissemination. Despite aggressive approaches incorporating surgery, dose-intensive combination chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, the outcome for patients with metastatic disease remains poor. Here, we report a case of oral RMS in a 1-year-old child and describe the clinical, radiological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings.

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Radicular cysts are the most common odontogenic cystic lesions of inflammatory origin. Large radicular cyst is comparatively less frequently associated with primary teeth. They represent only 0.5-3.3% of the total number of cysts in primary dentition. Radicular cysts arising from deciduous teeth are reported to occur in age range of 3-19 years with a male predominance. Although large radicular cysts are treated by enucleation with extensive removal of bone and vital teeth, marsupialization can be preferred as a conservative approach to reduce the morbidity. The purpose of this article is to report a case series of large radicular cysts associated with badly mutilated and traumatized primary teeth and to demonstrate how best they can be conservatively treated during mixed dentition period.

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Temperomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis or hypo mobility involves fusion of the mandibular condyle to the base of the skull. Impairment of speech, difficulty in mastication, poor oral hygiene, rampant caries, and acute compromise of the airway pose a severe psychological burden on the tender minds of children. The treatment of TMJ ankylosis poses a significant challenge because of technical difficulties and a high incidence of recurrence. This report describes a case of 7-year-old with inability to open mouth, diagnosed with unilateral right bony TMJ ankylosis. The surgical approach consisted of inter-positional arthroplasty followed by physiotherapy. A detailed history, clinical and functional examination, and radiographic examination facilitating correct diagnosis followed by immediate surgical intervention and physiotherapy can help us to restore physical, psychological and emotional health of the child patient.