RESUMEN
Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is a rapidly developing area of cognitive rehabilitation at the intersection of information technology and healthcare, the constantly updated results of which can be successfully translated into practical application in clinical medicine and in particular in gerontology. The basis of CCT, as a non-invasive method of influencing the functional activity of the brain and the processes of neuroplasticity, is software for stimulating cognitive functions in order to improve their productivity. The level of scientific and practical interest in CCP technology is growing rapidly. The article reports on the current state of research on the use of CCT aimed at correcting cognitive impairment. The purpose of this work is to systematize the available scientific data in this area, as well as to promote further integration of research in the field of information technology into clinical practice, in particular, to study the potential of CCT as a promising therapeutic tool in the paradigm of successful aging and prevention of the progression of cognitive impairment. This noninvasive intervention may improve global cognitive function in patients with clinically defined impairments and during normal aging in cognitively healthy older adults. However, new studies with fully comparable protocols are needed to evaluate in more detail the duration of the effect and the effectiveness of CCT in preventing cognitive decline in the long term.
Asunto(s)
Disfunción Cognitiva , Plasticidad Neuronal , Humanos , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/prevención & control , Disfunción Cognitiva/terapia , Disfunción Cognitiva/rehabilitación , Disfunción Cognitiva/etiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/fisiopatología , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Terapia Asistida por Computador/métodos , Cognición/fisiología , Anciano , Entrenamiento CognitivoRESUMEN
Aegilops columnaris is a tetraploid species originated from Ae. umbellulata (2n=2x=14, UU) and a yet unknown diploid grass species. Although Ae. columnaris possesses some agronomically valuable traits, such as heat and drought tolerance and resistance to pests, it has never been used in wheat breeding because of difficulties in producing hybrids and a lack of information on the relationships between Ae. columnaris and common wheat chromosomes. In this paper, we report the development of 57 wheat - Ae. columnaris introgressive lines covering 8 of the14 chromosomes of Aegilops. Based on substitution spectra of hybrids and the results of FISH analysis of the parental Ae. columnaris line with seven DNA probes, we have developed the genetic nomenclature of the Uc and Xc chromosomes. Genetic groups and genome affinities were established for 11 of 14 chromosomes; the classification of the remaining three chromosomes remains unsolved. Each Ae. columnaris chromosome was characterized on the basis of C-banding pattern and the distribution of seven DNA sequences. Introgression processes were shown to depend on the parental wheat genotype and the level of divergence of homoeologous chromosomes. We found that lines carrying chromosome 5Xc are resistant to leaf rust; therefore, this chromosome could possess novel resistance genes that have never been utilized in wheat breeding.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas de las Plantas , Poaceae/genética , Triticum/genética , Bandeo Cromosómico , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Fitomejoramiento , Poaceae/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
One hundred and fifty Russian and foreign winter common wheat varieties were examined by the PAGE method. A total of 70 alleles were identified at seven gliadin-coding loci. It was demonstrated that 42% of varieties were heterogeneous, i.e., were represented by a number of genotypes, while 52% of varieties were homogeneous. A unique combination of gliadin alleles was typical of 91.3% of examined varieties, while 8.7% of varieties had identical alleles of all gliadin-coding loci and were indistinguishable. Frequent and rare alleles were identified, with the former accounting for 18.6% of all alleles. It was demonstrated that allelic diversity at the Gli-2 loci (47 alleles) was almost twice that at the Gli-1 loci (23 loci) and was determined by the number of rare alleles. New alleles for the winter common wheat, including three alleles of the GliA2 locus and two alleles of the Gli-B2 locus, were determined. A tendency toward a reduction of the genetic diversity level in modern varieties, which was due to the use of identical parental varieties in breeding programs, was identified.
Asunto(s)
Alelos , Frecuencia de los Genes , Sitios Genéticos/fisiología , Variación Genética , Gliadina/genética , Triticum/genéticaRESUMEN
This paper studies the effect of plant peptides of thionine Ns-W2 extracted from seeds of fennel flower (Nigella sativa) and ß-purothionine from wheat germs (Triticum kiharae), as well as a synthetic antimutagen (crown-compound), on the expression of several genes involved in the.control of cellular homeostasis, processes of carcinogenesis, and radiation response in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells), T-lymphoblastoid cell line Jurkat, and blood cells. All of these agents acted as antimutagens-anticarcinogens, reducing the expression of genes involved in carcinogenesis (genes of families MMP, TIMP, and IAP and G-protein genes) in a tumor cell. A pronounced reduction in the mRNA level of these genes was caused by thionine Ns-W2, and the least effect was demonstrated by ß-purothionine. Antimutagens had very little effect on the mRNA levels of the several studied genes in normal blood cells.
Asunto(s)
Antimutagênicos/administración & dosificación , Péptidos/administración & dosificación , Fenotiazinas/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Rabdomiosarcoma/genética , Antimutagênicos/química , Carcinogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Nigella sativa/química , Péptidos/química , Fenotiazinas/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Radiación Ionizante , Rabdomiosarcoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Rabdomiosarcoma/patología , Triticum/química , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/biosíntesisAsunto(s)
Antimutagênicos/farmacología , Benzodiazepinas/farmacología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Rabdomiosarcoma/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-1/genética , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-1/metabolismo , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-2/genética , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-2/metabolismoRESUMEN
The allelic diversity at four gliadin-coding loci was examined in modern cultivars of the spring and winter durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. Comparative analysis of the allelic diversity showed that the gene pools of these two types of durum wheat, having different life styles, were considerably different. For the modern spring durum wheat cultivars, a certain reduction of the genetic diversity was observed compared to the cultivars bred in the 20th century.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Gliadina/genética , Filogenia , Triticum/genética , Alelos , Cruzamiento , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
DNA samples obtained from the populations of the Red Data Book species Bellevalia sarmatica (Georgi) Worovow from Volgograd oblast were examined using RAPD and AFLP analyses. DNA marking revealed considerable differences in the levels of interpopulation and intraspecific polymorphism of the Bellevalia. Furthermore, RAPD analysis, despite of lower levels of interpopulation polymorphism identified, made it possible to obtain clearer data on population subdivision upon statistical treatment of the results. The results of this study can be used in developing conservation strategies for maintenance of the species abundance and genetic diversity, as well as in elaborating the criteria for construction genetic collections.
Asunto(s)
Liliaceae/genética , Filogeografía , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Análisis del Polimorfismo de Longitud de Fragmentos Amplificados/métodos , Genoma de Planta , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio/métodos , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
A randomized single blind cross-over trial with placebo lead-in has been conducted in 71 anginal patients with arterial hypotension (group 1) and 38 ischemic heart disease patients with normal arterial pressure (group 2) to compare efficacy of therapy with isosorbide dinitrate (ID), sustac-forte (SF), isosorbide dinitrate retard (IDR) and trinitrolong (TN). Paired bicycle exercises revealed that in group 1 patients ID was low effective in 49%, SF--in 61%, IDR was highly effective in 97% and TN--in 96%. In group 1 tolerance to antianginal effect of ID, SF and IDR shown by stress myocardial scintigraphy with Tl-199 developed earlier--in 2-4 weeks in 63-70% patients (versus 22-27% in group 2; p < 0.01). Recovery of ID, SF, IDR effect required prolongation of the drug withdrawal period to 8-16 days (versus 3-5 days in group 2; p < 0.05). TN therapy remained effective for 3 months. Resistance to ID, SF in group 1 was relative and depended on dosage form of nitrates.
Asunto(s)
Angina de Pecho/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipotensión/complicaciones , Isquemia Miocárdica/tratamiento farmacológico , Nitratos/uso terapéutico , Estudios Cruzados , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Dinitrato de Isosorbide/administración & dosificación , Dinitrato de Isosorbide/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nitratos/administración & dosificación , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/administración & dosificación , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/uso terapéutico , Nitroglicerina/administración & dosificación , Nitroglicerina/uso terapéutico , Placebos , Factores de Tiempo , Vasodilatadores/administración & dosificación , Vasodilatadores/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
A synthetic gene coding for somatostatin-14 (SST) was cloned in plasmid expression vectors in frame with the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene, both genes being divided by a Met residue. The hybrid gene was expressed under the control of the CAT gene promoter (Pcat) or the tryptophan operon promoter (Ptrp). Them fused genes gave insoluble polypeptide products amounting from 5% of the total cellular protein under constitutive biosynthesis conditions (Pcat) to 30% upon induction (Ptrp). SST was liberated from the fused polypeptide by treatment with cyanogen bromide, purified to homogeneity by gel-filtration and reverse phase HPLC, and finally refolded by dilution and air oxidation. The renaturated recombinant SST showed the specific biological and immunological activities of the native peptide.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli , Somatostatina/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Cloranfenicol O-Acetiltransferasa/genética , Cromatografía en Gel , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Clonación Molecular , ADN Recombinante , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Genes Sintéticos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Plásmidos , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Somatostatina/biosíntesis , Somatostatina/aislamiento & purificación , Somatostatina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Crystal and molecular structure of D-11-aza-19-nortestosterone monohydrate C17H25NO2.H2O (a 8,288(2), b 12,433(2), c 7,570(2) A, beta 90,25(1) degrees; space group P2(1), R 8.3%) has been determined by X-ray analysis. Its comparison with the molecular structure of D-19-nortestosterone showed that the decrease in the hormonal activity upon 11-aza-substitution may be due to difference in chemical properties of imino and methylene groups.
Asunto(s)
Azaesteroides/análisis , Nandrolona/análisis , Esteroides Heterocíclicos/análisis , Fenómenos Químicos , Química , Cristalografía , Conformación MolecularRESUMEN
Basing on the data of the X-ray analysis of 2 beta-methylestr-4,9-dien-3-one-17 beta-ol (C19H26O2) and A-ring unsubstituted steroid 4,9-dien-3-ones, the noncomplanarity and flexibility of the conjugated dienone system in these transformed steroids has been demonstrated. The results have been also confirmed by UV spectroscopy. The ability of the dienone system to assume conformations with the out of- plane C3 = O3 and/or C9 = C10 bonds allows the AB-fragment of the steroid molecule to adopt the conformations required for interacting with various receptors. This property may also account for a simultaneous enhancement of several hormonal activities upon such a modification of steroids. The results of the X-ray analysis of 2 beta-methylestra-4,9-dien-3-one-17 beta-ol (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a 8,543(2), b 9,783(2), c 18,690(7) A, R 8,7%) are presented.
Asunto(s)
Cetosteroides/análisis , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Noresteroides/análisis , Cetosteroides/farmacología , Conformación Molecular , Nandrolona/análisis , Nandrolona/farmacología , Noresteroides/farmacología , Receptores de Esteroides/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
The synthesis of retro-analog of methionine-5-enkephalin was performed. This peptide is an isomer of the natural methionine-5-enkephalin, but differs from it by opposite direction of peptide linkages between the amino acid residues. The influence of retro-analog on prolactin secretion was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The retro-analog was found to stimulate the prolactin secretion more effectively than methionine-5-enkephalin.
Asunto(s)
Encefalina Metionina/farmacología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Encefalina Metionina/síntesis química , Masculino , Adenohipófisis/metabolismo , Prolactina/metabolismo , Ratas , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
Alteration of the enkephalin molecule by means of synthesis of peptide with opposite direction of peptide connections between residues of aminoacids (retro--methionin--5--enkephalin) entailed some changes of its action in respect to activity of the stomach secretory cells in dogs. Thus, for instance, the retroanalogue methionin--5--enkephalin proved to be a more efficient activator of gastric secretion induced with pentagastrin.